- Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
- Hypothalamic AMP-Activated Protein Kinase as a Whole-Body Energy Sensor and Regulator
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Se Hee Min, Do Kyeong Song, Chan Hee Lee, Eun Roh, Min-Seon Kim
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Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(1):1-11. Published online February 14, 2024
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.1922
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- 5´-Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a cellular energy sensor, is an essential enzyme that helps cells maintain stable energy levels during metabolic stress. The hypothalamus is pivotal in regulating energy balance within the body. Certain neurons in the hypothalamus are sensitive to fluctuations in food availability and energy stores, triggering adaptive responses to preserve systemic energy equilibrium. AMPK, expressed in these hypothalamic neurons, is instrumental in these regulatory processes. Hypothalamic AMPK activity is modulated by key metabolic hormones. Anorexigenic hormones, including leptin, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide 1, suppress hypothalamic AMPK activity, whereas the hunger hormone ghrelin activates it. These hormonal influences on hypothalamic AMPK activity are central to their roles in controlling food consumption and energy expenditure. Additionally, hypothalamic AMPK activity responds to variations in glucose concentrations. It becomes active during hypoglycemia but is deactivated when glucose is introduced directly into the hypothalamus. These shifts in AMPK activity within hypothalamic neurons are critical for maintaining glucose balance. Considering the vital function of hypothalamic AMPK in the regulation of overall energy and glucose balance, developing chemical agents that target the hypothalamus to modulate AMPK activity presents a promising therapeutic approach for metabolic conditions such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Federico Losada-Díaz, Santiago Lizarazo-Bocanegra, Juan J. Perdomo-Lugo, Sebastián A. Gutiérrez-Romero, Isabella Correa-Osio, Carlos O. Mendivil Diabetes Therapy.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor: mechanisms and advances in therapy
Zhikai Zheng, Yao Zong, Yiyang Ma, Yucheng Tian, Yidan Pang, Changqing Zhang, Junjie Gao Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
- Homeostatic Regulation of Glucose Metabolism by the Central Nervous System
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Jong Han Choi, Min-Seon Kim
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Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(1):9-25. Published online February 28, 2022
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1364
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- Evidence for involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) in the regulation of glucose metabolism dates back to the 19th century, although the majority of the research on glucose metabolism has focused on the peripheral metabolic organs. Due to recent advances in neuroscience, it has now become clear that the CNS is indeed vital for maintaining glucose homeostasis. To achieve normoglycemia, specific populations of neurons and glia in the hypothalamus sense changes in the blood concentrations of glucose and of glucoregulatory hormones such as insulin, leptin, glucagon-like peptide 1, and glucagon. This information is integrated and transmitted to other areas of the brain where it eventually modulates various processes in glucose metabolism (i.e., hepatic glucose production, glucose uptake in the brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, pancreatic insulin and glucagon secretion, renal glucose reabsorption, etc.). Errors in these processes lead to hyper- or hypoglycemia. We here review the current understanding of the brain regulation of glucose metabolism.
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- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
- Effects of Intermittent Fasting on the Circulating Levels and Circadian Rhythms of Hormones
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Bo Hye Kim, Yena Joo, Min-Seon Kim, Han Kyoung Choe, Qingchun Tong, Obin Kwon
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Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(4):745-756. Published online August 27, 2021
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.405
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- Intermittent fasting has become an increasingly popular strategy in losing weight and associated reduction in obesity-related medical complications. Overwhelming studies support metabolic improvements from intermittent fasting in blood glucose levels, cardiac and brain function, and other health benefits, in addition to weight loss. However, concerns have also been raised on side effects including muscle loss, ketosis, and electrolyte imbalance. Of particular concern, the effect of intermittent fasting on hormonal circadian rhythms has received little attention. Given the known importance of circadian hormonal changes to normal physiology, potential detrimental effects by dysregulation of hormonal changes deserve careful discussions. In this review, we describe the changes in circadian rhythms of hormones caused by intermittent fasting. We covered major hormones commonly pathophysiologically involved in clinical endocrinology, including insulin, thyroid hormones, and glucocorticoids. Given that intermittent fasting could alter both the level and frequency of hormone secretion, decisions on practicing intermittent fasting should take more considerations on potential detrimental consequences versus beneficial effects pertaining to individual health conditions.
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- Obesity and Metabolism
- Distinct Ultradian Rhythms in Plasma Clusterin Concentrations in Lean and Obese Korean Subjects
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Jong Han Choi, Eunheui Jeong, Byung Soo Youn, Min-Seon Kim
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Endocrinol Metab. 2018;33(2):245-251. Published online May 4, 2018
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2018.33.2.245
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- Background
Blood levels of many hormones show rhythmic fluctuations with variable duration of cycles. Clusterin/apolipoprotein J is a glycoprotein which is highly expressed in the plasma and has modulatory roles in immune and inflammatory reactions, neurobiology, lipid metabolism, and leptin signaling. In this study, we examined the diurnal fluctuations of plasma clusterin concentrations in lean and obese young men. MethodsFor the study, 14 subjects (five lean and five obese men; two lean and two obese women) were admitted to the research ward and blood samples were drawn every 30 minutes during light-on period (6:00 AM to 10:00 PM) and every hour during light-off period. ResultsNotably, plasma clusterin concentrations displayed a unique ultradian rhythm with five cycles a day in both men and women. During the light-on period, circulating clusterin levels showed fluctuating curves with 4 hours regular intervals with sharp peaks and troughs. In contrast, single oscillation curve during light-off exhibited a smoothened/lower peak and longer (8-hour) duration. In obese men, these cycles were phase-advanced by approximately 1 hour, and had reduced amplitude of fluctuating curves and blunted diurnal pattern. Cyclic fluctuations of plasma clusterin were preserved under fasting and unexpected meal condition, suggesting that rhythmic oscillations in plasma clusterin levels are not generated by meal-related cues. ConclusionThese findings firstly demonstrate a novel pattern of plasma clusterin fluctuations with extremely regular cycles.
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- Obesity and Metabolism
- Brain Regulation of Energy Metabolism
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Eun Roh, Min-Seon Kim
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Endocrinol Metab. 2016;31(4):519-524. Published online December 20, 2016
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2016.31.4.519
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In healthy individuals, energy intake is in balance with energy expenditure, which helps to maintain a normal body weight. The brain's inability to control energy homeostasis underlies the pathology of hyperphagia and obesity. The brain detects body energy excess and deficit by sensing the levels of circulating metabolic hormones and nutrients and by receiving metabolic information from the periphery via the autonomic nervous system. A specialized neuronal network coordinates energy intake behavior and the metabolic processes affecting energy expenditure. Here, we briefly review neuronal mechanisms by which our body maintains energy balance.
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- Adrenal gland
- Multiple Myeloma in a Patient with Acromegaly
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Yu Mi Kang, Jong Han Choi, Min Jung Lee, Ari Ahn, Chan-Jeoung Park, Kiju Chang, Seyoung Seo, Sun In Hong, Min-Seon Kim
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Endocrinol Metab. 2015;30(1):110-115. Published online March 27, 2015
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2015.30.1.110
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Abstract
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Acromegaly is a slowly progressing condition resulting from excess growth hormone (GH), generally caused by a GH-secreting pituitary adenoma. Cancer is the third most common cause of mortality in patients with acromegaly, and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is known to influence tumor formation by increasing cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis. Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell neoplasm, and previous studies have suggested the possible role of IGF-1 in its development of MM. However, no cases of acromegaly accompanied with MM have been reported in Asia to date. We here report the case of a 58-year-old woman with acromegaly accompanied with MM who presented with longstanding acromegalic manifestations resulting from a GH-secreting pituitary adenoma and also exhibited anemia, a reversed albumin/globulin ratio, and plasmacytosis on bone marrow examination. Because IGF-1 has been suggested to play an important role in the development and progression of MM, the patient promptly underwent surgical removal of the pituitary adenoma via a transsphenoidal approach. Since there is currently no consensus on therapeutic guidelines and suggested prognosis for MM with acromegaly, long-term follow-up of such cases is needed.
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- Co-Occurrence of Acromegaly and Hematological Disorders: A Myth or Common Pathogenic Mechanism
Prakamya Gupta, Pinaki Dutta Integrative Medicine International.2017; 4(1-2): 94. CrossRef
- Adrenal gland
- Clinical Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cushing's Disease in Korea
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Kyu Yeon Hur, Jung Hee Kim, Byung Joon Kim, Min-Seon Kim, Eun Jig Lee, Sung-Woon Kim
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Endocrinol Metab. 2015;30(1):7-18. Published online March 27, 2015
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2015.30.1.7
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Cushing's disease (CD) is a rare disorder characterized by the overproduction of adrenocorticotropic hormone due to a pituitary adenoma that ultimately stimulates excessive cortisol secretion from the adrenal glands. Prior to the detection of pituitary adenomas, various clinical signs of CD such as central obesity, moon face, hirsutism, and facial plethora are usually already present. Uncontrolled hypercortisolism is associated with metabolic, cardiovascular, and psychological disorders that result in increased mortality. Hence, the early detection and treatment of CD are not only important but mandatory. Because its clinical manifestations vary from patient to patient and are common in other obesity-related conditions, the precise diagnosis of CD can be problematic. Thus, the present set of guidelines was compiled by Korean experts in this field to assist clinicians with the screening, diagnoses, and treatment of patients with CD using currently available tests and treatment modalities.
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