Endocrinology and Metabolism

Mee Kyoung Kim (Kim MK)

22 Articles

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Epidemiology and Trends of Obesity and Bariatric Surgery in Korea: Kyungdo Han, Jin-Hyung Jung, Su-Min Jeong, Mee Kyoung Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(5):678-685. Published online August 2, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.2056

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The prevalence of obesity in Korea has steadily increased over the past decade, reaching 38.4% in 2021. Notably, the rate of class II– III obesity, defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m² or higher, exceeded 7% in the same year. Since January 2019, the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) has provided coverage for bariatric surgery (BS) for eligible patients. Coverage is available for individuals with a BMI of 35 kg/m² or higher, or those with a BMI of 30 kg/m² or higher who also have obesity-related comorbidities. Additionally, partial reimbursement is offered for BS in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who have BMI values between 27.5 and 30 kg/m². From 2019 to 2022, the NHIS recorded 9,080 BS procedures, with sleeve gastrectomy being the most commonly performed. The average percentage of weight loss 198±99.7 days post-surgery was 17.9%, with 80.0% of patients losing more than 10% of their body weight. This article presents the trends in obesity and BS in Korea.

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Impact of caloric restriction on diabetes remission in Korean adults with obesity (CREDO‐K study)
Mee Kyoung Kim, Jinyoung Kim, Su‐Jeong Park, Yoon‐Ju Song, Hyuk‐Sang Kwon
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Younger-Onset Diabetes: Is the Age of Onset More Important than the Duration of Diabetes?: Mee Kyoung Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2024;39(1):90-91. Published online February 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.102

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Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Risk of Pancreatic Cancer and Use of Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Propensity Score-Matching Analysis: Mee Kyoung Kim, Kyungdo Han, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Soon Jib Yoo; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(4):426-435. Published online July 20, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1737

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Background
The effects of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors over the course of long-term treatment remain unclear, and concerns have been raised regarding the role of DPP-4 inhibitors in carcinogenesis in the pancreas. Earlier studies of pancreatic adverse events have reported conflicting results.
Methods
This study analyzed Korean National Health Insurance Service data from January 2009 to December 2012. Patients who had type 2 diabetes mellitus and took two or more oral glucose-lowering drugs (GLDs) were included. Patients prescribed DPP-4 inhibitors (n=51,482) or other GLDs (n=51,482) were matched at a 1:1 ratio using propensity score matching. The risk of pancreatic cancer was calculated using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional-hazards regression analysis.
Results
During a median follow-up period of 7.95 years, 1,051 new cases of pancreatic cancer were identified. The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for DPP-4 inhibitor use was 0.99 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.88 to 1.12) compared with the other GLD group. In an analysis limited to cases diagnosed with pancreatic cancer during hospitalization, the adjusted HR for the use of DPP-4 inhibitors was 1.00 (95% CI, 0.86 to 1.17) compared with patients who took other GLDs. Using the other GLD group as the reference group, no trend was observed for elevated pancreatic cancer risk with increased DPP-4 inhibitor exposure.
Conclusion
In this population-based cohort study, DPP-4 inhibitor use over the course of relatively long-term follow-up showed no significant association with an elevated risk of pancreatic cancer.

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Diabetes Duration, Cholesterol Levels, and Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes
Mee Kyoung Kim, Kyu Na Lee, Kyungdo Han, Seung-Hwan Lee
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2024; 109(12): e2317. CrossRef
Anti-Diabetic Therapies and Cancer: From Bench to Bedside
Dimitris Kounatidis, Natalia G. Vallianou, Irene Karampela, Eleni Rebelos, Marina Kouveletsou, Vasileios Dalopoulos, Petros Koufopoulos, Evanthia Diakoumopoulou, Nikolaos Tentolouris, Maria Dalamaga
Biomolecules.2024; 14(11): 1479. CrossRef

Calcium & bone metabolism
Persistence with Denosumab in Male Osteoporosis Patients: A Real-World, Non-Interventional Multicenter Study: Chaiho Jeong, Jeongmin Lee, Jinyoung Kim, Jeonghoon Ha, Kwanhoon Jo, Yejee Lim, Mee Kyoung Kim, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Tae-Seo Sohn, Ki-Ho Song, Moo Il Kang, Ki-Hyun Baek; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(2):260-268. Published online April 27, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1663

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Background
Persistence with denosumab in male patients has not been adequately investigated, although poor denosumab persistence is associated with a significant risk of rebound vertebral fractures.
Methods
We retrospectively evaluated 294 Korean male osteoporosis patients treated with denosumab at three medical centers and examined their persistence with four doses of denosumab injection over 24 months of treatment. Persistence was defined as the extent to which a patient adhered to denosumab treatment in terms of the prescribed interval and dose, with a permissible gap of 8 weeks. For patients who missed their scheduled treatment appointment(s) during the follow-up period (i.e., no-shows), Cox proportional regression analysis was conducted to explore the factors associated with poor adherence. Several factors were considered, such as age, prior anti-osteoporotic drug use, the treatment provider’s medical specialty, the proximity to the medical center, and financial burdens of treatment.
Results
Out of 294 male patients, 77 (26.2%) completed all four sequential rounds of the denosumab treatment. Out of 217 patients who did not complete the denosumab treatment, 138 (63.6%) missed the scheduled treatment(s). Missing treatment was significantly associated with age (odds ratio [OR], 1.03), prior bisphosphonate use (OR, 0.76), and prescription by non-endocrinologists (OR, 2.24). Denosumab was stopped in 44 (20.3%) patients due to medical errors, in 24 (11.1%) patients due to a T-score improvement over –2.5, and in five (2.3%) patients due to expected dental procedures.
Conclusion
Our study showed that only one-fourth of Korean male osteoporosis patients were fully adherent to 24 months of denosumab treatment.

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Denosumab

Reactions Weekly.2023; 1963(1): 206. CrossRef

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Predicting the Risk of Insulin-Requiring Gestational Diabetes before Pregnancy: A Model Generated from a Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study in Korea: Seung-Hwan Lee, Jin Yu, Kyungdo Han, Seung Woo Lee, Sang Youn You, Hun-Sung Kim, Jae-Hyoung Cho, Kun-Ho Yoon, Mee Kyoung Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(1):129-138. Published online January 27, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1609

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Background
The severity of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. We aimed to generate a risk model for predicting insulin-requiring GDM before pregnancy in Korean women.
Methods
A total of 417,210 women who received a health examination within 52 weeks before pregnancy and delivered between 2011 and 2015 were recruited from the Korean National Health Insurance database. The risk prediction model was created using a sample of 70% of the participants, while the remaining 30% were used for internal validation. Risk scores were assigned based on the hazard ratios for each risk factor in the multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model. Six risk variables were selected, and a risk nomogram was created to estimate the risk of insulin-requiring GDM.
Results
A total of 2,891 (0.69%) women developed insulin-requiring GDM. Age, body mass index (BMI), current smoking, fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol, and γ-glutamyl transferase were significant risk factors for insulin-requiring GDM and were incorporated into the risk model. Among the variables, old age, high BMI, and high FBG level were the main contributors to an increased risk of insulin-requiring GDM. The concordance index of the risk model for predicting insulin-requiring GDM was 0.783 (95% confidence interval, 0.766 to 0.799). The validation cohort’s incidence rates for insulin-requiring GDM were consistent with the risk model’s predictions.
Conclusion
A novel risk engine was generated to predict insulin-requiring GDM among Korean women. This model may provide helpful information for identifying high-risk women and enhancing prepregnancy care.

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Establishment and validation of a nomogram to predict the neck contracture after skin grafting in burn patients: A multicentre cohort study
Rui Li, Yangyang Zheng, Xijuan Fan, Zilong Cao, Qiang Yue, Jincai Fan, Cheng Gan, Hu Jiao, Liqiang Liu
International Wound Journal.2023; 20(9): 3648. CrossRef
Predicting the Need for Insulin Treatment: A Risk-Based Approach to the Management of Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Anna S. Koefoed, H. David McIntyre, Kristen S. Gibbons, Charlotte W. Poulsen, Jens Fuglsang, Per G. Ovesen
Reproductive Medicine.2023; 4(3): 133. CrossRef
Prepregnancy Glucose Levels Within Normal Range and Its Impact on Obstetric Complications in Subsequent Pregnancy: A Population Cohort Study
Ho Yeon Kim, Ki Hoon Ahn, Geum Joon Cho, Soon-Cheol Hong, Min-Jeong Oh, Hai-Joong Kim
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Risk of Cause-Specific Mortality across Glucose Spectrum in Elderly People: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
Joonyub Lee, Hun-Sung Kim, Kee-Ho Song, Soon Jib Yoo, Kyungdo Han, Seung-Hwan Lee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(5): 525. CrossRef
The CHANGED Score—A New Tool for the Prediction of Insulin Dependency in Gestational Diabetes
Paul Rostin, Selina Balke, Dorota Sroka, Laura Fangmann, Petra Weid, Wolfgang Henrich, Josefine Theresia Königbauer
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2023; 12(22): 7169. CrossRef

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Big Data Research in the Field of Endocrine Diseases Using the Korean National Health Information Database: Sun Wook Cho, Jung Hee Kim, Han Seok Choi, Hwa Young Ahn, Mee Kyoung Kim, Eun Jung Rhee; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(1):10-24. Published online February 9, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.102

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The Korean National Health Information Database (NHID) contains big data combining information obtained from the National Health Insurance Service and health examinations. Data are provided in the form of a cohort, and the NHID can be used to conduct longitudinal studies and research on rare diseases. Moreover, data on the cause and date of death are provided by Statistics Korea. Research and publications based on the NHID have increased explosively in the field of endocrine disorders. However, because the data were not collected for research purposes, studies using the NHID have limitations, particularly the need for the operational definition of diseases. In this review, we describe the characteristics of the Korean NHID, operational definitions of endocrine diseases used for research, and an overview of recent studies in endocrinology using the Korean NHID.

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Different Associations between Lipid Levels and Risk for Heart Failure according to Diabetes Progression
Seung-Hwan Lee, Kyu Na Lee, Jong-Chan Youn, Hun Sung Kim, Kyungdo Han, Mee Kyoung Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(1): 105. CrossRef
Associations Between Physical Activity and the Risk of Hip Fracture Depending on Glycemic Status: A Nationwide Cohort Study
Kyoung Min Kim, Kyoung Jin Kim, Kyungdo Han, Yumie Rhee
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2024; 109(3): e1194. CrossRef
Weight change in patients with new‐onset type 2 diabetes mellitus and its association with remission: Comprehensive real‐world data
Jinyoung Kim, Bongseong Kim, Mee Kyoung Kim, Ki‐Hyun Baek, Ki‐Ho Song, Kyungdo Han, Hyuk‐Sang Kwon
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2024; 26(2): 567. CrossRef
Diabetes severity and the risk of depression: A nationwide population-based study
Yunjung Cho, Bongsung Kim, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Kyungdo Han, Mee Kyoung Kim
Journal of Affective Disorders.2024; 351: 694. CrossRef
Information Bias Might Exaggerate Lung Cancer Risk of Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Nobuyuki Horita, Kaoru Takase-Minegishi
Journal of Thoracic Oncology.2024; 19(2): 348. CrossRef
Diabetes Duration, Cholesterol Levels, and Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes
Mee Kyoung Kim, Kyu Na Lee, Kyungdo Han, Seung-Hwan Lee
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2024; 109(12): e2317. CrossRef
Risk of fracture in patients with myasthenia gravis: a nationwide cohort study in Korea
Hye-Sun Park, Kyoungsu Kim, Min Heui Yu, Ha Young Shin, Yumie Rhee, Seung Woo Kim, Namki Hong
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research.2024; 39(6): 688. CrossRef
All-cause and cause-specific mortality risks in individuals with diabetes living alone: A large-scale population-based cohort study
Jae-Seung Yun, Kyungdo Han, Bongseong Kim, Seung-Hyun Ko, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Yu-Bae Ahn, Yong-Moon Mark Park, Seung-Hwan Lee
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2024; 217: 111876. CrossRef
Epidemiology and Trends of Obesity and Bariatric Surgery in Korea
Kyungdo Han, Jin-Hyung Jung, Su-Min Jeong, Mee Kyoung Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2024; 39(5): 678. CrossRef
Income-Related Disparities in Mortality Among Young Adults With Type 2 Diabetes
Ji Yoon Kim, Sojeong Park, Minae Park, Nam Hoon Kim, Sin Gon Kim
JAMA Network Open.2024; 7(11): e2443918. CrossRef
Effect of COVID-19 Vaccination on Thyroid Disease in 7 Million Adult and 0.2 Million Adolescent Vaccine Recipients
Sungho Bea, Hwa Young Ahn, Jieun Woo, Ju-Young Shin, Sun Wook Cho
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Diabetes severity is strongly associated with the risk of active tuberculosis in people with type 2 diabetes: a nationwide cohort study with a 6-year follow-up
Ji Young Kang, Kyungdo Han, Seung-Hwan Lee, Mee Kyoung Kim
Respiratory Research.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Research on obesity using the National Health Information Database: recent trends
Eun-Jung Rhee
Cardiovascular Prevention and Pharmacotherapy.2023; 5(2): 35. CrossRef
Pituitary Diseases and COVID-19 Outcomes in South Korea: A Nationwide Cohort Study
Jeonghoon Ha, Kyoung Min Kim, Dong-Jun Lim, Keeho Song, Gi Hyeon Seo
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2023; 12(14): 4799. CrossRef
Risk of Pancreatic Cancer and Use of Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Propensity Score-Matching Analysis
Mee Kyoung Kim, Kyungdo Han, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Soon Jib Yoo
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(4): 426. CrossRef
Prevalence, Treatment Status, and Comorbidities of Hyperthyroidism in Korea from 2003 to 2018: A Nationwide Population Study
Hwa Young Ahn, Sun Wook Cho, Mi Young Lee, Young Joo Park, Bon Seok Koo, Hang-Seok Chang, Ka Hee Yi
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(4): 436. CrossRef
Is Thyroid Dysfunction Associated with Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms? A Population-Based, Nested Case–Control Study from Korea
Hyeree Park, Sun Wook Cho, Sung Ho Lee, Kangmin Kim, Hyun-Seung Kang, Jeong Eun Kim, Aesun Shin, Won-Sang Cho
Thyroid®.2023; 33(12): 1483. CrossRef
Risk of Cause-Specific Mortality across Glucose Spectrum in Elderly People: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
Joonyub Lee, Hun-Sung Kim, Kee-Ho Song, Soon Jib Yoo, Kyungdo Han, Seung-Hwan Lee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(5): 525. CrossRef
Risk of depression in patients with acromegaly in Korea (2006-2016): a nationwide population-based study
Shinje Moon, Sangmo Hong, Kyungdo Han, Cheol-Young Park
European Journal of Endocrinology.2023; 189(3): 363. CrossRef
Cumulative effect of impaired fasting glucose on the risk of dementia in middle-aged and elderly people: a nationwide cohort study
Jin Yu, Kyu-Na Lee, Hun-Sung Kim, Kyungdo Han, Seung-Hwan Lee
Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Long-Term Cumulative Exposure to High γ-Glutamyl Transferase Levels and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
Han-Sang Baek, Bongseong Kim, Seung-Hwan Lee, Dong-Jun Lim, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Sang-Ah Chang, Kyungdo Han, Jae-Seung Yun
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(6): 770. CrossRef
Increased Risk of Hip Fracture in Patients with Acromegaly: A Nationwide Cohort Study in Korea
Jiwon Kim, Namki Hong, Jimi Choi, Ju Hyung Moon, Eui Hyun Kim, Eun Jig Lee, Sin Gon Kim, Cheol Ryong Ku
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(6): 690. CrossRef

Thyroid Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Repeated Low High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and the Risk of Thyroid Cancer: A Nationwide Population- Based Study in Korea: Jinyoung Kim, Mee Kyoung Kim, Ki-Hyun Baek, Ki-Ho Song, Kyungdo Han, Hyuk-Sang Kwon; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(2):303-311. Published online April 6, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1332

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Background
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) plays an important role in the reverse cholesterol transport pathway and prevents atherosclerosis-mediated disease. It has also been suggested that HDL-C may be a protective factor against cancer. However, an inverse correlation between HDL-C and cancer has not been established, and few studies have explored thyroid cancer.
Methods
The study participants received health checkups provided by the Korean National Health Insurance Service from 2009 to 2013 and were followed until 2019. Considering the variability of serum HDL-C level, low HDL-C level was analyzed by grouping based on four consecutive health checkups. The data analysis was performed using univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression models.
Results
A total of 3,134,278 total study participants, thyroid cancer occurred in 16,129. In the crude model, the hazard ratios for the association between repeatedly measured low HDL-C levels and thyroid cancer were 1.243, 1.404, 1.486, and 1.680 (P for trend <0.01), respectively, which were significant even after adjusting for age, sex, lifestyle factors, and metabolic diseases. The subgroup analysis revealed that low HDL-C levels likely had a greater impact on the group of patients with central obesity (P for interaction= 0.062), high blood pressure (P for interaction=0.057), impaired fasting glucose (P for interaction=0.051), and hyperlipidemia (P for interaction=0.126).
Conclusion
Repeatedly measured low HDL-C levels can be considered a risk factor for cancer as well as vascular disease. Low HDL-C levels were associated with the risk of thyroid cancer, and this correlation was stronger in a metabolically unhealthy population.

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Association between total cholesterol levels and all-cause mortality among newly diagnosed patients with cancer
Seohyun Kim, Gyuri Kim, So Hyun Cho, Rosa Oh, Ji Yoon Kim, You-Bin Lee, Sang-Man Jin, Kyu Yeon Hur, Jae Hyeon Kim
Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Association between organophosphate flame retardant exposure and lipid metabolism: data from the 2013–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Fu-Jen Cheng, Kai-Fan Tsai, Kuo-Chen Huang, Chia-Te Kung, Wan-Ting Huang, Huey-Ling You, Shau-Hsuan Li, Chin-Chou Wang, Wen-Chin Lee, Hsiu-Yung Pan
Frontiers in Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Low serum total cholesterol levels predict inferior prognosis of patients with POEMS syndrome
Jue Zhang, Ting Zhang, Ye Yao, Xuxing Shen, Yuanyuan Jin, Run Zhang, Lijuan Chen
Discover Oncology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Lipoprotein alterations in endocrine disorders - a review of the recent developments in the field
Michal Olejarz, Ewelina Szczepanek-Parulska, Marek Ruchala
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Associations Between Metabolic Obesity Phenotypes and Pathological Characteristics of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Xiuyun Li, Xiujuan Zhang, Li Sun, Lulu Yang, Qihang Li, Zhixiang Wang, Yafei Wu, Ling Gao, Jiajun Zhao, Qingling Guo, Meng Zhou
Endocrine Practice.2024; 30(7): 624. CrossRef
Analysis of risk factors for papillary thyroid carcinoma and the association with thyroid function indicators
Jianning Liu, Zhuoying Feng, Ru Gao, Peng Liu, Fangang Meng, Lijun Fan, Lixiang Liu, Yang Du
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Carbohydrate, Lipid, and Apolipoprotein Biomarkers in Blood and Risk of Thyroid Cancer: Findings from the AMORIS Cohort
Xue Xiao, Yi Huang, Fetemeh Sadeghi, Maria Feychting, Niklas Hammar, Fang Fang, Zhe Zhang, Qianwei Liu
Cancers.2023; 15(2): 520. CrossRef
Altered serum lipid levels are associated with prognosis of diffuse large B cell lymphoma and influenced by utility of rituximab
Fei Wang, Luo Lu, HuiJuan Chen, Yanhua Yue, Yanting Sun, Feng Yan, Bai He, Rongrong Lin, Weiying Gu
Annals of Hematology.2023; 102(2): 393. CrossRef
Big Data Research in the Field of Endocrine Diseases Using the Korean National Health Information Database
Sun Wook Cho, Jung Hee Kim, Han Seok Choi, Hwa Young Ahn, Mee Kyoung Kim, Eun Jung Rhee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(1): 10. CrossRef
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and carcinogenesis
Meijuan Tan, Shijie Yang, Xiequn Xu
Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism.2023; 34(5): 303. CrossRef
Low Serum Cholesterol Level Is a Significant Prognostic Factor That Improves CLL-IPI in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia
Rui Gao, Kaixin Du, Jinhua Liang, Yi Xia, Jiazhu Wu, Yue Li, Bihui Pan, Li Wang, Jianyong Li, Wei Xu
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(8): 7396. CrossRef
Do metabolic factors increase the risk of thyroid cancer? a Mendelian randomization study
Weiwei Liang, FangFang Sun
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Assessment of causal association between differentiated thyroid cancer and disordered serum lipid profile: a Mendelian randomization study
Qiang Ma, Yu Li, Lijuan An, Liang Guo, Xiaokang Liu
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Risk factors and diagnostic prediction models for papillary thyroid carcinoma
Xiaowen Zhang, Yuyang Ze, Jianfeng Sang, Xianbiao Shi, Yan Bi, Shanmei Shen, Xinlin Zhang, Dalong Zhu
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Exposure to multiple trace elements and thyroid cancer risk in Chinese adults: A case-control study
Jia-liu He, Hua-bing Wu, Wen-lei Hu, Jian-jun Liu, Qian Zhang, Wei Xiao, Ming-jun Hu, Ming Wu, Fen Huang
International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health.2022; 246: 114049. CrossRef

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Cumulative Exposure to High γ-Glutamyl Transferase Level and Risk of Diabetes: A Nationwide Population-Based Study: Ji-Yeon Park, Kyungdo Han, Hun-Sung Kim, Jae-Hyoung Cho, Kun-Ho Yoon, Mee Kyoung Kim, Seung-Hwan Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(2):272-280. Published online April 13, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1416

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Background
Elevated γ-glutamyl transferase (γ-GTP) level is associated with metabolic syndrome, impaired glucose tolerance, and insulin resistance, which are risk factors for type 2 diabetes. We aimed to investigate the association of cumulative exposure to high γ-GTP level with risk of diabetes.
Methods
Using nationally representative data from the Korean National Health Insurance system, 346,206 people who were free of diabetes and who underwent 5 consecutive health examinations from 2005 to 2009 were followed to the end of 2018. High γ-GTP level was defined as those in the highest quartile, and the number of exposures to high γ-GTP level ranged from 0 to 5. Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for diabetes were analyzed using the multivariable Cox proportional-hazards model.
Results
The mean follow-up duration was 9.2±1.0 years, during which 15,183 (4.4%) patients developed diabetes. There was a linear increase in the incidence rate and the risk of diabetes with cumulative exposure to high γ-GTP level. After adjusting for possible confounders, the HR of diabetes in subjects with five consecutive high γ-GTP levels were 2.60 (95% CI, 2.47 to 2.73) in men and 3.05 (95% CI, 2.73 to 3.41) in women compared with those who never had a high γ-GTP level. Similar results were observed in various subgroup and sensitivity analyses.
Conclusion
There was a linear relationship between cumulative exposure to high γ-GTP level and risk of diabetes. Monitoring and lowering γ-GTP level should be considered for prevention of diabetes in the general population.

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Elevated GGT to HDL ratio as a marker for the risk of NAFLD and liver fibrosis
Yanyan Xuan, Fangfang He, Qing Liu, Dandan Dai, Dingting Wu, Yanmei Shi, Qi Yao
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Investigating the synergistic effects of gamma-glutamyl transferase with homocysteine, ferritin, and uric acid in patients with type II diabetes mellitus
Simin Shirvani, Masomeh Halvaeezade, Maryam Avazzade, Morteza Golbashirzadeh, Atousa Moradzadegan
Endocrine and Metabolic Science.2025; 17: 100211. CrossRef
Validation of Estimated Small Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Concentration in a Japanese General Population
Keisuke Endo, Ryo Kobayashi, Makito Tanaka, Marenao Tanaka, Yukinori Akiyama, Tatsuya Sato, Itaru Hosaka, Kei Nakata, Masayuki Koyama, Hirofumi Ohnishi, Satoshi Takahashi, Masato Furuhashi
Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis.2024; 31(6): 931. CrossRef
Risk Factors for Colorectal Adenoma and Cancer in Comprehensive Health Checkups: Usefulness of Gamma-Glutamyltransferase
Yoko Yamanouchi, Maiko Osawa, Takaaki Senbonmatsu, Yuki Shiko, Yohei Kawasaki, Toshihiro Muramatsu
Journal of Personalized Medicine.2024; 14(11): 1082. CrossRef
Long-Term Cumulative Exposure to High γ-Glutamyl Transferase Levels and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
Han-Sang Baek, Bongseong Kim, Seung-Hwan Lee, Dong-Jun Lim, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Sang-Ah Chang, Kyungdo Han, Jae-Seung Yun
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(6): 770. CrossRef
Elevated gamma‐glutamyl transferase to high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio has a non‐linear association with incident diabetes mellitus: A second analysis of a cohort study
Haofei Hu, Yong Han, Mijie Guan, Ling Wei, Qijun Wan, Yanhua Hu
Journal of Diabetes Investigation.2022; 13(12): 2027. CrossRef
Gamma-glutamyl transferase to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio: A valuable predictor of type 2 diabetes mellitus incidence
Wangcheng Xie, Bin Liu, Yansong Tang, Tingsong Yang, Zhenshun Song
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Recent Updates to Clinical Practice Guidelines for Diabetes Mellitus: Jin Yu, Seung-Hwan Lee, Mee Kyoung Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(1):26-37. Published online February 28, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.105

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Guidelines for the management of patients with diabetes have become an important part of clinical practice that improve the quality of care and help establish evidence-based medicine in this field. With rapidly accumulating evidence on various aspects of diabetes care, including landmark clinical trials of treatment agents and newer technologies, timely updates of the guidelines capture the most current state of the field and present a consensus. As a leading academic society, the Korean Diabetes Association publishes practice guidelines biennially and the American Diabetes Association does so annually. In this review, we summarize the key changes suggested in the most recent guidelines. Some of the important updates include treatment algorithms emphasizing comorbid conditions such as atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease in the selection of anti-diabetic agents; wider application of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), insulin pump technologies and indices derived from CGM such as time in range; more active screening of subjects at high-risk of diabetes; and more detailed individualization in diabetes care. Although there are both similarities and differences among guidelines and some uncertainty remains, these updates provide a good approach for many clinical practitioners who are battling with diabetes.

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Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Frequency of Exposure to Impaired Fasting Glucose and Risk of Mortality and Cardiovascular Outcomes: Seung-Hwan Lee, Kyungdo Han, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Mee Kyoung Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(5):1007-1015. Published online October 21, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1218

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Background
Metabolic abnormalities, such as impaired fasting glucose (IFG), are dynamic phenomena; however, it is unclear whether the timing of IFG exposure and cumulative exposure to IFG are related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality risk.
Methods
Data were extracted from a nationwide population-based cohort in South Korea for adults (n=2,206,679) who were free of diabetes and had 4 years of consecutive health examination data. Fasting blood glucose levels of 100 to 125 mg/dL were defined as IFG, and the number of IFG diagnoses for each adult in the 4-year period was tabulated as the IFG exposure score (range, 0 to 4). Adults with persistent IFG for the 4-year period received a score of 4.
Results
The median follow-up was 8.2 years. There were 24,820 deaths, 13,502 cases of stroke, and 13,057 cases of myocardial infarction (MI). IFG exposure scores of 1, 2, 3, and 4 were associated with all-cause mortality (multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08 to 1.15; aHR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.12 to 1.20; aHR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.15 to 1.25; aHR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.11 to 1.25, respectively) compared with an IFG exposure score of 0. Adjusting for hypertension and dyslipidemia attenuated the slightly increased risk of MI or stroke associated with high IFG exposure scores, but significant associations for allcause mortality remained.
Conclusion
The intensity of IFG exposure was associated with an elevated risk of all-cause mortality, independent of cardiovascular risk factors. The association between IFG exposure and CVD risk was largely mediated by the coexistence of dyslipidemia and hypertension.

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Cumulative exposure to impaired fasting glucose and gastrointestinal cancer risk: A nationwide cohort study
Byeong Yun Ahn, Bokyung Kim, Sanghyun Park, Sang Gyun Kim, Kyungdo Han, Soo‐Jeong Cho
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Diabetes severity and the risk of depression: A nationwide population-based study
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Triglyceride-glucose index is associated with the risk of impaired fasting glucose in Chinese elderly individuals
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Diabetes severity is strongly associated with the risk of active tuberculosis in people with type 2 diabetes: a nationwide cohort study with a 6-year follow-up
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Journal of Clinical Medicine.2022; 11(10): 2795. CrossRef
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Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Level, Statin Use and Myocardial Infarction Risk in Young Adults
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Bone Metabolism
Comparison of the Effects of Various Antidiabetic Medication on Bone Mineral Density in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Jeonghoon Ha, Yejee Lim, Mee Kyoung Kim, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Ki-Ho Song, Seung Hyun Ko, Moo Il Kang, Sung Dae Moon, Ki-Hyun Baek; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(4):895-903. Published online August 9, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1026

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Background
Prospective comparative studies on the effects of various antidiabetic agents on bone metabolism are limited. This study aimed to assess changes in bone mass and biochemical bone markers in postmenopausal patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Methods
This prospective, multicenter, open-label, comparative trial included 264 patients with T2DM. Patients who had received a metformin, or sulfonylurea/metformin combination (Group 1); a thiazolidinedione combination (Group 2); a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (gemigliptin) combination (Group 3); or an sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (empagliflozin) combination (Group 4) were prospectively treated for 12 months; bone mineral density (BMD) and bone turnover marker (BTM) changes were evaluated.
Results
The femoral neck BMD percentage changes were −0.79%±2.86% (Group 1), −2.50%±3.08% (Group 2), −1.05%±2.74% (Group 3), and −1.24%±2.91% (Group 4) (P<0.05). The total hip BMD percentage changes were −0.57%±1.79% (Group 1), −1.74%±1.48% (Group 2), −0.75%±1.87% (Group 3), and −1.27%±1.72% (Group 4) (P<0.05). Mean serum BTM (C-terminal type 1 collagen telopeptide and procollagen type 1 amino-terminal propeptide) levels measured during the study period did not change over time or differ between groups.
Conclusion
Significant bone loss in the femoral neck and total hip was associated with thiazolidinedione combination regimens. However, bone loss was not significantly associated with combination regimens including gemigliptin or empagliflozin. Caution should be exercised during treatment with antidiabetic medications that adversely affect the bone in patients with diabetes at a high risk of bone loss.

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A multicentre, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomized, parallel comparison, phase 3 trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pioglitazone add‐on therapy in type 2 diabetic patients treated with metformin and dapagliflozin
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Bone Loss in Diabetes Mellitus: Diaporosis
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The effect of antidiabetic drugs on bone metabolism: a concise review
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Yilin Hou, Xiaoyu Hou, Qian Nie, Qiuyang Xia, Rui Hu, Xiaoyue Yang, Guangyao Song, Luping Ren
Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity.2023; Volume 16: 1177. CrossRef
Complementary effects of dapagliflozin and lobeglitazone on metabolism in a diet-induced obese mouse model
Yun Kyung Lee, Tae Jung Oh, Ji In Lee, Bo Yoon Choi, Hyen Chung Cho, Hak Chul Jang, Sung Hee Choi
European Journal of Pharmacology.2023; 957: 175946. CrossRef

Clinical Study Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Cumulative Exposure to Metabolic Syndrome Components and the Risk of Dementia: A Nationwide Population-Based Study: Yunjung Cho, Kyungdo Han, Da Hye Kim, Yong-Moon Park, Kun-Ho Yoon, Mee Kyoung Kim, Seung-Hwan Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(2):424-435. Published online April 14, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.935

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Background
Metabolic disturbances are modifiable risk factors for dementia. Because the status of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components changes over time, we aimed to investigate the association of the cumulative exposure to MetS and its components with the risk of dementia.
Methods
Adults (n=1,492,776; ≥45-years-old) who received health examinations for 4 consecutive years were identified from a nationwide population-based cohort in Korea. Two exposure-weighted scores were calculated: cumulative number of MetS diagnoses (MetS exposure score, range of 0 to 4) and the composite of its five components (MetS component exposure score, range of 0 to 20). Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) values for dementia were analyzed using the multivariable Cox proportional-hazards model.
Results
Overall, 47.1% of subjects were diagnosed with MetS at least once, and 11.5% had persistent MetS. During the mean 5.2 years of follow-up, there were 7,341 cases (0.5%) of incident dementia. There was a stepwise increase in the risk of all-cause dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and vascular dementia with increasing MetS exposure score and MetS component exposure score (each P for trend <0.0001). The HR of all-cause dementia was 2.62 (95% CI, 1.87 to 3.68) in subjects with a MetS component exposure score of 20 compared with those with a score of 0. People fulfilling only one MetS component out of 20 already had an approximately 40% increased risk of all-cause dementia and Alzheimer’s disease.
Conclusion
More cumulative exposure to metabolic disturbances was associated with a higher risk of dementia. Of note, even minimal exposure to MetS components had a significant effect on the risk of dementia.

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Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(1): 60. CrossRef
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Danial Qureshi, Jennifer Collister, Naomi E. Allen, Elżbieta Kuźma, Thomas Littlejohns
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Cumulative exposure to metabolic syndrome affects the risk of psoriasis differently according to age group: a nationwide cohort study in South Korea
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Electroacupuncture stimulation improves cognitive ability and regulates metabolic disorders in Alzheimer’s disease model mice: new insights from brown adipose tissue thermogenesis
Ting Li, Junjian Tian, Meng Wu, Yuanshuo Tian, Zhigang Li
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Cumulative effect of impaired fasting glucose on the risk of dementia in middle-aged and elderly people: a nationwide cohort study
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Clinical Study
Predicting the Development of Myocardial Infarction in Middle-Aged Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Risk Model Generated from a Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study in Korea: Seung-Hwan Lee, Kyungdo Han, Hun-Sung Kim, Jae-Hyoung Cho, Kun-Ho Yoon, Mee Kyoung Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(3):636-646. Published online September 22, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.704

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Background
Most of the widely used prediction models for cardiovascular disease are known to overestimate the risk of this disease in Asians. We aimed to generate a risk model for predicting myocardial infarction (MI) in middle-aged Korean subjects with type 2 diabetes.
Methods
A total of 1,272,992 subjects with type 2 diabetes aged 40 to 64 who received health examinations from 2009 to 2012 were recruited from the Korean National Health Insurance database. Seventy percent of the subjects (n=891,095) were sampled to develop the risk prediction model, and the remaining 30% (n=381,897) were used for internal validation. A Cox proportional hazards regression model and Cox coefficients were used to derive a risk scoring system. Twelve risk variables were selected, and a risk nomogram was created to estimate the 5-year risk of MI.
Results
During 7.1 years of follow-up, 24,809 cases of MI (1.9%) were observed. Age, sex, smoking status, regular exercise, body mass index, chronic kidney disease, duration of diabetes, number of anti-diabetic medications, fasting blood glucose, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and atrial fibrillation were significant risk factors for the development of MI and were incorporated into the risk model. The concordance index for MI prediction was 0.682 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.678 to 0.686) in the development cohort and 0.669 (95% CI, 0.663 to 0.675) in the validation cohort.
Conclusion
A novel risk engine was generated for predicting the development of MI among middle-aged Korean adults with type 2 diabetes. This model may provide useful information for identifying high-risk patients and improving quality of care.

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Obesity and Metabolism
Effects of Cardiovascular Risk Factor Variability on Health Outcomes: Seung-Hwan Lee, Mee Kyoung Kim, Eun-Jung Rhee; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(2):217-226. Published online June 24, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.35.2.217

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Innumerable studies have suggested “the lower, the better” for cardiovascular risk factors, such as body weight, lipid profile, blood pressure, and blood glucose, in terms of health outcomes. However, excessively low levels of these parameters cause health problems, as seen in cachexia, hypoglycemia, and hypotension. Body weight fluctuation is related to mortality, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, although contradictory findings have been reported. High lipid variability is associated with increased mortality and elevated risks of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, end-stage renal disease, and dementia. High blood pressure variability is associated with increased mortality, myocardial infarction, hospitalization, and dementia, which may be caused by hypotension. Furthermore, high glucose variability, which can be measured by continuous glucose monitoring systems or self-monitoring of blood glucose levels, is associated with increased mortality, microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes, and hypoglycemic events, leading to hospitalization. Variability in metabolic parameters could be affected by medications, such as statins, antihypertensives, and hypoglycemic agents, and changes in lifestyle patterns. However, other mechanisms modify the relationships between biological variability and various health outcomes. In this study, we review recent evidence regarding the role of variability in metabolic parameters and discuss the clinical implications of these findings.

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Clinical Study
Consistency of the Glycation Gap with the Hemoglobin Glycation Index Derived from a Continuous Glucose Monitoring System: Han Na Joung, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Ki-Hyun Baek, Ki-Ho Song, Mee Kyoung Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(2):377-383. Published online June 24, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.35.2.377

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Background
Discordances between glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and glycemic control are common in clinical practice. We aimed to investigate the consistency of the glycation gap with the hemoglobin glycation index (HGI).
Methods
From 2016 to 2019, 36 patients with type 2 diabetes were enrolled. HbA1c, glycated albumin (GA), and fasting blood glucose levels were simultaneously measured and 72-hour continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) was performed on the same day. Repeated tests were performed at baseline and 1 month later, without changing patients’ diabetes management. The HGI was calculated as the difference between the measured HbA1c and the predicted HbA1c that was derived from CGM. The glycation gap was calculated as the difference between the measured and GA-based predicted HbA1c levels.
Results
Strong correlations were found between the mean blood glucose (MBG)-based HGI and the prebreakfast glucose-based HGI (r=0.867, P<0.001) and between the glycation gap and the MBG-based HGI (r=0.810, P<0.001). A close correlation was found between the MBG-based HGI at baseline and that after 1 month (r=0.729, P<0.001), with a y-intercept of 0 and a positive slope.
Conclusion
The HGI and glycation gap were highly reproducible, and the magnitudes of repeated determinations were closely correlated. Patients with similar mean glucose levels may have significantly different HbA1c levels.

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Factors associated with hemoglobin glycation index in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus: The FGM‐Japan study
Naoki Sakane, Yushi Hirota, Akane Yamamoto, Junnosuke Miura, Hiroko Takaike, Sari Hoshina, Masao Toyoda, Nobumichi Saito, Kiminori Hosoda, Masaki Matsubara, Atsuhito Tone, Satoshi Kawashima, Hideaki Sawaki, Tomokazu Matsuda, Masayuki Domichi, Akiko Suganu
Journal of Diabetes Investigation.2023; 14(4): 582. CrossRef
The Fast-Glycator Phenotype, Skin Advanced Glycation End Products, and Complication Burden Among People With Type 1 Diabetes
Alberto Maran, Mario Luca Morieri, Daniele Falaguasta, Angelo Avogaro, Gian Paolo Fadini
Diabetes Care.2022; 45(10): 2439. CrossRef
Hemoglobin glycation index, calculated from a single fasting glucose value, as a prediction tool for severe hypoglycemia and major adverse cardiovascular events in DEVOTE
Klara R Klein, Edward Franek, Steven Marso, Thomas R Pieber, Richard E Pratley, Amoolya Gowda, Kajsa Kvist, John B Buse
BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care.2021; 9(2): e002339. CrossRef

Clinical Study
Comparison of Natural Course between Thyroid Cancer Nodules and Thyroid Benign Nodules: Kyun-Jin Yun, Jeonghoon Ha, Min-Hee Kim, Ye Young Seo, Mee Kyoung Kim, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Ki-Ho Song, Moo Il Kang, Ki-Hyun Baek; Endocrinol Metab. 2019;34(2):195-202. Published online June 24, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2019.34.2.195

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Background

The natural course of thyroid cancer nodules and benign nodules is different. This study was to compare the changes in size between thyroid cancer nodules and thyroid benign nodules. The risk factors associated with the changes of thyroid cancer nodules were assessed.

Methods

This study contains retrospective observational and prospective analysis. A total of 113 patients with 120 nodules were recruited in the cancer group, and 116 patients with 119 nodules were enrolled in the benign group. Thyroid ultrasonography was performed at least two times at more than 1-year interval.

Results

The mean follow-up durations were 29.5±18.8 months (cancer group) and 31.9±15.8 months (benign group) (P=0.32). The maximum diameter change in length was 0.36±0.97 mm/year in the cancer group and –0.04±0.77 mm/year in the benign group (P<0.01). The volume was significantly increased in the cancer group compared with the benign group (0.06±0.18 mL/year vs. 0.004±0.05 mL/year, respectively, P<0.01; 26.9%±57.9%/year vs. 1.7%±26.0%/year, P<0.01). Initial maximum diameter (β=0.02, P<0.01) and initial volume (β=0.13, P<0.01) were significantly associated with volume change (mL)/year. Initial maximum standardized uptake value did not predict the nodule growth.

Conclusion

It is suggested that thyroid cancer nodules progress rapidly compared with benign nodules. Initial size and volume of nodule were independent risk factors for cancer nodule growth.

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Leif Schiffmann, Karel Kostev, Matthias Kalder
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Combination of peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor gamma and retinoid X receptor agonists induces sodium/iodide symporter expression and inhibits cell growth of human thyroid cancer cells
Jui-Yu Chen, Jane-Jen Wang, Hsin-Chen Lee, Chin-Wen Chi, Chen-Hsen Lee, Yi-Chiung Hsu
Journal of the Chinese Medical Association.2020; 83(10): 923. CrossRef
Growth rates of malignant and benign thyroid nodules in an ultrasound follow-up study: a retrospective cohort study
Michael Cordes, Theresa Ida Götz, Karen Horstrup, Torsten Kuwert, Christian Schmidkonz
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Clinical Guidelines for the Management of Adrenal Incidentaloma: Jung-Min Lee, Mee Kyoung Kim, Seung-Hyun Ko, Jung-Min Koh, Bo-Yeon Kim, Sang Wan Kim, Soo-Kyung Kim, Hae Jin Kim, Ohk-Hyun Ryu, Juri Park, Jung Soo Lim, Seong Yeon Kim, Young Kee Shong, Soon Jib Yoo; Endocrinol Metab. 2017;32(2):200-218. Published online June 23, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2017.32.2.200

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An adrenal incidentaloma is an adrenal mass found in an imaging study performed for other reasons unrelated to adrenal disease and often accompanied by obesity, diabetes, or hypertension. The prevalence and incidence of adrenal incidentaloma increase with age and are also expected to rise due to the rapid development of imaging technology and frequent imaging studies. The Korean Endocrine Society is promoting an appropriate practice guideline to meet the rising incidence of adrenal incidentaloma, in cooperation with the Korean Adrenal Gland and Endocrine Hypertension Study Group. In this paper, we discuss important core issues in managing the patients with adrenal incidentaloma. After evaluating core proposition, we propose the most critical 20 recommendations from the initially organized 47 recommendations by Delphi technique.

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Letter: Comparison of Age of Onset and Frequency of Diabetic Complications in the Very Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (Endocrinol Metab 2016;31:416-23, Bong-Ki Lee et al.): Mee Kyoung Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2017;32(1):140-141. Published online March 20, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2017.32.1.140

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Obesity and Metabolism
2014 Clinical Practice Guidelines for Overweight and Obesity in Korea: Mee Kyoung Kim, Won-Young Lee, Jae-Heon Kang, Jee-Hyun Kang, Bom Taeck Kim, Seon Mee Kim, Eun Mi Kim, Sang-Hoon Suh, Hye Jung Shin, Kyu Rae Lee, Ki Young Lee, Sang Yeoup Lee, Seon Yeong Lee, Seong-Kyu Lee, Chang Beom Lee, Sochung Chung, In Kyung Jeong, Kyung Yul Hur, Sung Soo Kim, Jeong-taek Woo; Endocrinol Metab. 2014;29(4):405-409. Published online December 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2014.29.4.405

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The dramatic increase in the prevalence of obesity and its accompanying comorbidities are major health concerns in Korea. Obesity is defined as a body mass index ≥25 kg/m² in Korea. Current estimates are that 32.8% of adults are obese: 36.1% of men and 29.7% of women. The prevalence of being overweight and obese in national surveys is increasing steadily. Early detection and the proper management of obesity are urgently needed. Weight loss of 5% to 10% is the standard goal. In obese patients, control of cardiovascular risk factors deserves the same emphasis as weight-loss therapy. Since obesity is multifactorial, proper care of obesity requires a coordinated multidisciplinary treatment team, as a single intervention is unlikely to modify the incidence or natural history of obesity.

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Neurological Sciences.2022; 43(5): 3395. CrossRef
Age- and Sex-Specific Differences in Distribution of Cardiometabolic Diseases and Associations of Hand-Grip Strength Indices with Type 2 Diabetes in Korean Adults
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Modest alcohol intake and mortality in individuals with elevated alanine aminotransferase levels: a nationwide cohort study
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Risk of Osteoporotic Fractures Among Obese Women Based on Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference: A Nationwide Cohort in South Korea
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Self-rated health may be a predictor for metabolic syndrome and high hs-CRP prevalences in healthy adults in South Korea: Based on the 2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
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Nutrition Research.2022; 102: 71. CrossRef
Effect of High-Intensity Complex Exercise Program Using Whole-Body Vibration and Respiratory Resistance for Low Back Pain Patients with High Obesity
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Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science.2022; 11(1): 78. CrossRef
Association between Smoking Status and Incident Non-Cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis in Young Adults: A Nationwide Population-Based Study
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Journal of Personalized Medicine.2022; 12(5): 691. CrossRef
Relationship Between Changing Body Mass Index and Serum Uric Acid Alteration Among Clinically Apparently Healthy Korean Men
Jiwon Hwang, Mi Yeon Lee, Joong Kyong Ahn, Hoon‐Suk Cha
Arthritis Care & Research.2022; 74(8): 1277. CrossRef
Sex differences in factors associated with prediabetes in Korean adults
Jin Suk Ra
Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2022; 13(2): 142. CrossRef
The Importance of Metabolic Syndrome Status for the Risk of Non-Viral Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Nationwide Population-Based Study
Yuri Cho, Eun Ju Cho, Jeong-Ju Yoo, Young Chang, Goh Eun Chung, In Young Choi, Sang-Hyun Park, Kyungdo Han, Yoon Jun Kim, Jung-Hwan Yoon, Dong Wook Shin, Su Jong Yu
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Risk Factors of Incident Lung Cancer in Patients with Non-Cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis: A Korean Population-Based Study
Youlim Kim, Kyungdo Han, Juhwan Yoo, Hyung Koo Kang, Tai Sun Park, Dong Won Park, Ji Young Hong, Ji-Yong Moon, Sang-Heon Kim, Tae Hyung Kim, Kwang Ha Yoo, Jang Won Sohn, Ho Joo Yoon, Hayoung Choi, Hyun Lee
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Higher Levels of Serum Uric Acid Have a Significant Association with Lower Incidence of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Healthy Korean Men
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Risk for Behçet’s disease gauged via high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: a nationwide population-based study in Korea
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Dynapenic-abdominal obesity as an independent risk factor for chronic kidney disease in postmenopausal women: a population-based cohort study
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Non–Cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis Increases the Risk of Lung Cancer Independent of Smoking Status
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Myocardial Infarction, Stroke, and All-Cause Mortality according to Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Level in the Elderly, a Nationwide Study
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Association between exercise and risk of cardiovascular diseases in patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis
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Differences of Regional Fat Distribution Measured by Magnetic Resonance Imaging According to Obese Phenotype in Koreans
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Forty Years Together, New Leap Forward! The 40th Anniversary of the Korean Endocrine Society
Jong Chul Won, Ki-Hyun Baek
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Influence of Social Networks on Students' Choice of a University: A Case of St Augustine University of Tanzania
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Weight Control Registry Using Korean Medicine: A Protocol for a Prospective Registry Study
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Association between Oral Health and Airflow Limitation: Analysis Using a Nationwide Database
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The relationship between environmental degradation, energy use and economic growth in Nigeria: new evidence from non-linear ARDL
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Waist circumference, body mass index, and colorectal cancer risk according to diabetes status: A Korean nationwide population‐based cohort study
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Low prevalence of radiographic hip osteoarthritis and its discordance with hip pain: A nationwide study in Korea
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Lean NAFLD: an underrecognized and challenging disorder in medicine
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High waist circumference rather than high body mass index may be a predictive risk factor for the longer disease duration of chronic spontaneous urticaria
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Association between Alcohol Consumption and Metabolic Syndrome Determined by Facial Flushing in Korean Women
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Alcohol Intake and Mortality in Patients With Chronic Viral Hepatitis: A Nationwide Cohort Study
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Symptom Profiles, Health-Related Quality of Life, and Clinical Blood Markers among Korean Community-Dwelling Older Adults Living with Chronic Conditions
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How much does fat mass change affect serum uric acid levels among apparently clinically healthy Korean men?
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The Effect of Interaction between Obesity and Grip Strength on Health-Related Quality of Life in Elderly: Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016-2018)
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Effects of a Lifestyle Intervention on Health-Promoting Behavior, Psychological Distress and Reproductive Health of Overweight and Obese Female College Students
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A Modular Mobile Health App for Personalized Rehabilitation Throughout the Breast Cancer Care Continuum: Development Study
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Sarcopenic Obesity Is Significantly Associated With Coronary Artery Calcification
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Effect of pre-operative internal obturator muscle mass index in MRI on biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer patients after radical prostatectomy: a multi-center study
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Combined Effects of Unhealthy Lifestyle Behaviors on Metabolic Syndrome among Postmenopausal Women
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Comparison of fracture risk between type 1 and type 2 diabetes: a comprehensive real-world data
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Evaluation of the association between periodontitis and risk of Parkinson’s disease: a nationwide retrospective cohort study
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Being Underweight Increases the Risk of Non-Cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis in the Young Population: A Nationwide Population-Based Study
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Increased Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease Associated With Weight Gain in Healthy Adults: Insight From Metabolic Profiles and Body Composition
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Association between metabolic syndrome and incidence of ocular motor nerve palsy
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Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein RBD Antibody Levels After Receiving a Second Dose of ChAdOx1 nCov-19 (AZD1222) Vaccine in Healthcare Workers: Lack of Association With Age, Sex, Obesity, and Adverse Reactions
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Fatty Liver Index for Predicting Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in an Asymptomatic Korean Population
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The Change in Metabolic Syndrome Status and the Risk of Nonviral Liver Cirrhosis
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European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology.2021; 33(1S): e529. CrossRef
Relationship between Metabolic Syndrome, Metabolic Syndrome Score, Insulin Resistance and Beta Cell Function in Korean Adults with Obesity
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The Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science.2020; 52(4): 327. CrossRef
Alcoholic and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Incident Hospitalization for Liver and Cardiovascular Diseases
Yoosoo Chang, Juhee Cho, Yong Kyun Cho, Ara Cho, Yun Soo Hong, Di Zhao, Jiin Ahn, Chong Il Sohn, Hocheol Shin, Eliseo Guallar, Seungho Ryu
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Exercise training reduces inflammatory metabolic activity of visceral fat assessed by18F‐FDG PET/CT in obese women
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Clinical Endocrinology.2020; 93(2): 127. CrossRef
Decrease in waist-to-hip ratio reduced the development of chronic kidney disease in non-obese non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
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The number of metabolic features as a significant prognostic factor in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma
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Journal of Clinical Medicine.2020; 9(1): 122. CrossRef
Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome Among Middle-Aged Women in Their 50s: Based on National Health Screening Data
HyungSeon Kim, YeonHee Cho
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(9): 3008. CrossRef
Weight Change and Development of Subclinical Carotid Atherosclerosis Among Metabolically Healthy Adults: A Cohort Study
Dong Hyun Sinn, Danbee Kang, Soo Jin Cho, Yoosoo Chang, Seungho Ryu, Young Bin Song, Seung Woon Paik, Yun Soo Hong, Di Zhao, Eliseo Guallar, Juhee Cho, Geum-Youn Gwak
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Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase activity and Parkinson’s disease risk in men and women
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Impact of Mean and Variability of High‐Density Lipoprotein‐Cholesterol on the Risk of Myocardial Infarction, Stroke, and Mortality in the General Population
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Journal of the American Heart Association.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
A model to predict risk of stroke in middle-aged adults with type 2 diabetes generated from a nationwide population-based cohort study in Korea
Mee-Kyoung Kim, Kyungdo Han, Jae-Hyoung Cho, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Kun-Ho Yoon, Seung-Hwan Lee
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Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase Variability and Risk of Dementia in Diabetes Mellitus: A Nationwide Population-Based Study
So-hyeon Hong, Kyungdo Han, Sanghyun Park, Seon Mee Kim, Nan Hee Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Yong Gyu Park, Hye Jin Yoo
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2020; 105(3): e119. CrossRef
Subclinical thyroid dysfunction, bone mineral density, and osteoporosis in a middle-aged Korean population
K. Lee, S. Lim, H. Park, H.Y. Woo, Y. Chang, E. Sung, H.S. Jung, K.E. Yun, C.W. Kim, S. Ryu, M.J. Kwon
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Effects of lorcaserin on cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese patients: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
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Effect of mHealth With Offline Antiobesity Treatment in a Community-Based Weight Management Program: Cross-Sectional Study
Youngin Kim, Bumjo Oh, Hyun-Young Shin
JMIR mHealth and uHealth.2020; 8(1): e13273. CrossRef
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Chai Yeong Hong, Dong Hyun Sinn, Danbee Kang, Seung Woon Paik, Eliseo Guallar, Juhee Cho, Geum‐Youn Gwak
Journal of Viral Hepatitis.2020; 27(9): 896. CrossRef
The Impact of Body Mass Index on the Prognostic Value of N-Terminal proB-Type Natriuretic Peptide in Patients with Heart Failure: an Analysis from the Korean Heart Failure (KorHF) Registry
Hack-Lyoung Kim, Myung-A Kim, Sohee Oh, Dong-Ju Choi, Seongwoo Han, Eun-Seok Jeon, Myeong-Chan Cho, Jae-Joong Kim, Byung-Su Yoo, Mi-Seung Shin, Seok-Min Kang, Shung Chull Chae, Kyu-Hyung Ryu
International Journal of Heart Failure.2020; 2(1): 45. CrossRef
Characterization of Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors and Health-Related Behaviors in Korean Patients With Breast Cancer by Abdominal Obesity Status
Hye-Jin KIM, Hee-Seung KIM, Hye-Ryoung KIM, Yang-Sook YOO, Byung Joo SONG
Journal of Nursing Research.2020; 28(2): e74. CrossRef
Antiadipogenic Effects of Mixtures of Cornus officinalis and Ribes fasciculatum Extracts on 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes and High-Fat Diet-Induced Mice
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Molecules.2020; 25(10): 2350. CrossRef
Umbilical Port Site Hernia and Diastasis Recti
Hyun Jeong Ki, Jun Beom Park, Ji-Young Sul
The Journal of Minimally Invasive Surgery.2020; 23(2): 80. CrossRef
Risk of type 2 diabetes according to the cumulative exposure to metabolic syndrome or obesity: A nationwide population‐based study
You‐Bin Lee, Da Hye Kim, Seon Mee Kim, Nan Hee Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Yong Gyu Park, Kyungdo Han, Hye Jin Yoo
Journal of Diabetes Investigation.2020; 11(6): 1583. CrossRef
Hospitalization for heart failure incidence according to the transition in metabolic health and obesity status: a nationwide population-based study
You-Bin Lee, Da Hye Kim, Seon Mee Kim, Nan Hee Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Yong Gyu Park, Kyungdo Han, Hye Jin Yoo
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Effects of Gender and Age on Dietary Intake and Body Mass Index in Hypertensive Patients: Analysis of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination
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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(12): 4482. CrossRef
Peripartum Blood Transfusions are Associated with Increased Risk of Cancer: A National Retrospective Cohort Study

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Association of Body Mass Index with the Risk of Incident Type 2 Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease, and All-Cause Mortality: A Community-Based Prospective Study
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Gamma-glutamyl transferase variability can predict the development of end-stage of renal disease: a nationwide population-based study
Da Young Lee, Kyungdo Han, Ji Hee Yu, Sanghyun Park, Jee-In Heo, Ji A. Seo, Nam Hoon Kim, Hye Jin Yoo, Sin Gon Kim, Seon Mee Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Yong Gyu Park, Nan Hee Kim
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Beneficial Effects of Breastfeeding on the Prevention of Metabolic Syndrome Among Postmenopausal Women
Jin Suk Ra, Soon Ok Kim
Asian Nursing Research.2020; 14(3): 173. CrossRef
Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in individuals without traditional risk factors: development and validation of a novel risk score
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International Journal of Epidemiology.2020; 49(5): 1562. CrossRef
Relationships between cognitive function and frailty in older Korean adults: The moderating effect of the number of teeth
Ji-hye Yun, Seung-kook Ki, Jinhee Kim, Doukyoung Chon, Seung-yun Shin, Yunhwan Lee
Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics.2020; 91: 104213. CrossRef
The association between sleep and weight loss among adult women with obesity administered with Gamitaeeumjowee-tang
Eom-Jee Lee, Young-Bae Park, Young-Woo Lim, Seo-Young Kim
Journal of Korean Medicine.2020; 41(3): 22. CrossRef
Factors Associated with Dietary Control and Physical Activity in the Management of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Menopausal Women
Guna Lee, Hye Young Choi
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(18): 6901. CrossRef
The Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Health-Related Behavior Changes: The Korea National Health Examination Survey
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Healthcare.2020; 8(2): 134. CrossRef
Pilot study: asymptomatic hyperuricemia patients with obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease have increased risk of double contour sign
Hong Ki Min, Hyonjoung Cho, Sung-Hwan Park
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2020; 35(6): 1517. CrossRef
Putative positive role of inflammatory genes in fat deposition supported by altered gene expression in purified human adipocytes and preadipocytes from lean and obese adipose tissues
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Journal of Translational Medicine.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Efficacy and Safety of Combined Extracts of Cornus officinalis and Ribes fasciculatum for Body Fat Reduction in Overweight Women
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Journal of Clinical Medicine.2020; 9(11): 3629. CrossRef
The predictive value of HEART score for acute coronary syndrome and significant coronary artery stenosis
Changsung Han, Heajin Chung, Youngjoo Lee, Hye Young Jang, Young Shin Cho, Junbum Park, Sang-Il Kim
Clinical and Experimental Emergency Medicine.2020; 7(4): 267. CrossRef
The Anti-obesity Effects of Bangpungtongseong-san and Daesiho-tang: A Study Protocol of Randomized, Double-blinded Clinical Trial
Jihong Oh, Hyeyoon Shim, Jiyun Cha, Ho Seok Kim, Min Ji Kim, Eun Kyung Ahn, Myeong-Jong Lee, Jun-Hwan Lee, Hojun Kim
Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research.2020; 20(2): 138. CrossRef
Retinal Vein Occlusion is Associated with Low Blood High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol: A Nationwide Cohort Study
Jaeryung Kim, Dong Hui Lim, Kyungdo Han, Se Woong Kang, Don-Il Ham, Sang Jin Kim, Tae-Young Chung
American Journal of Ophthalmology.2019; 205: 35. CrossRef
Influence of the type of occupation on osteoarthritis of the knee in men: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010-2012
Sara Kwon, Won Kim, Seoyon Yang, Kyoung Hyo Choi
Journal of Occupational Health.2019; 61(1): 54. CrossRef
Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric Obesity: Recommendations from the Committee on Pediatric Obesity of the Korean Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition
Dae Yong Yi, Soon Chul Kim, Ji Hyuk Lee, Eun Hye Lee, Jae Young Kim, Yong Joo Kim, Ki Soo Kang, Jeana Hong, Jung Ok Shim, Yoon Lee, Ben Kang, Yeoun Joo Lee, Mi Jin Kim, Jin Soo Moon, Hong Koh, JeongAe You, Young-Sook Kwak, Hyunjung Lim, Hye Ran Yang
Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition.2019; 22(1): 1. CrossRef
2018 Korean Society for the Study of Obesity Guideline for the Management of Obesity in Korea
Mi Hae Seo, Won-Young Lee, Sung Soo Kim, Jae-Heon Kang, Jee-Hyun Kang, Kyoung Kon Kim, Bo-Yeon Kim, Yang-Hyun Kim, Won-Jun Kim, Eun Mi Kim, Hyun Soo Kim, Yun-A Shin, Hye-Jung Shin, Kyu Rae Lee, Ki Young Lee, Sang Yeoup Lee, Seong-Kyu Lee, Joo Ho Lee, Chan
Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome.2019; 28(1): 40. CrossRef
Research trends in obesity & obesogenic environments in Korea
Myoungsook Lee
Nutrition Research and Practice.2019; 13(6): 461. CrossRef
Maintenance of body weight is an important determinant for the risk of ischemic stroke: A nationwide population-based cohort study
Jung-Hwan Cho, Eun-Jung Rhee, Se Eun Park, Hyemi Kwon, Jin-Hyung Jung, Kyung-Do Han, Yong-Gyu Park, Soon-Jib Yoo, Yang-Hyun Kim, Won-Young Lee, Sabine Rohrmann
PLOS ONE.2019; 14(1): e0210153. CrossRef
The Effects of Utilizing Smartphone Application Peer Support on Health Behavior and Body Mass Index among Breast Cancer Survivors
Gaeun Park, Haejung Lee, Hyun Yul Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2019; 49(5): 550. CrossRef
Non alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of incident diabetes in subjects who are not obese
K.-C. Sung, D.-C. Seo, S.-J. Lee, M.-Y. Lee, S.H. Wild, C.D. Byrne
Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases.2019; 29(5): 489. CrossRef
Association between obesity type and obstructive coronary artery disease in stable symptomatic postmenopausal women: data from the KoRean wOmen'S chest pain rEgistry (KoROSE)
Jun Hwan Cho, Hack-Lyoung Kim, Myung-A Kim, Sohee Oh, Mina Kim, Seong Mi Park, Hyun Ju Yoon, Mi Seung Shin, Kyung-Soon Hong, Gil Ja Shin, Wan-Joo Shim
Menopause.2019; 26(11): 1272. CrossRef
Weight change is significantly associated with risk of thyroid cancer: A nationwide population-based cohort study
Hyemi Kwon, Kyung-Do Han, Cheol-Young Park
Scientific Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Effects of Multidisciplinary Lifestyle Modification Program on Health-promoting Behavior, Psychological Distress, Body Composition and Reproductive Symptoms among Overweight and Obese Middle-aged Women
Ju-Hee Nho, Eun Suk Hwang
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2019; 31(6): 663. CrossRef
Higher body mass index is not a protective risk factor for 28-days mortality in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy
Hai Wang, Yu Shi, Zheng-Hai Bai, Jun-Hua Lv, Jiang-Li Sun, Hong-Hong Pei, Zheng-Liang Zhang
Renal Failure.2019; 41(1): 726. CrossRef
Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric obesity: recommendations from the Committee on Pediatric Obesity of the Korean Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition
Dae Yong Yi, Soon Chul Kim, Ji Hyuk Lee, Eun Hye Lee, Jae Young Kim, Yong Joo Kim, Ki Soo Kang, Jeana Hong, Jung Ok Shim, Yoon Lee, Ben Kang, Yeoun Joo Lee, Mi Jin Kim, Jin Soo Moon, Hong Koh, JeongAe You, Young-Sook Kwak, Hyunjung Lim, Hye Ran Yang
Korean Journal of Pediatrics.2019; 62(1): 3. CrossRef
Frequency of Consumption of Whole Fruit, Not Fruit Juice, Is Associated with Reduced Prevalence of Obesity in Korean Adults
Ahreum Choi, Kyungho Ha, Hyojee Joung, YoonJu Song
Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.2019; 119(11): 1842. CrossRef
Effects of sarcopenia, body mass indices, and sarcopenic obesity on diastolic function and exercise capacity in Koreans
Mi-Hyang Jung, Sang-Hyun Ihm, Sang Min Park, Hae Ok Jung, Kyung-Soon Hong, Sang Hong Baek, Ho-Joong Youn
Metabolism.2019; 97: 18. CrossRef
Importance of the Madras Diabetes Research Foundation-Indian Diabetes Risk Score (MDRF-IDRS) for mass screening of type 2 diabetes and its complications at primary health care centers of North India
Mohammad Mustufa Khan, Gyanendra Kumar Sonkar, Sangeeta Singh, Satyendra Kumar Sonkar
International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries.2019; 39(3): 419. CrossRef
Calorie Intake and Cognitive Function in the Elderly: Data from the Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study (KFACS)
J.-M. Park, J. Lee, Y. Kim, Chang Won Won, Youn-Jung Kim
The Journal of nutrition, health and aging.2019; 23(10): 930. CrossRef
Sex difference in IgE sensitization associated with alcohol consumption in the general population
Daeyoung Roh, Dong-Hee Lee, Sang-Kyu Lee, Soo Whan Kim, Sung Won Kim, Jin Hee Cho, Byung-Guk Kim, Ji-Hyeon Shin
Scientific Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Decline in lung function is associated with elevated lipoprotein (a) in individuals without clinically apparent disease: A cross‐sectional study
Jonghoo Lee, Hye Kyeong Park, Min‐Jung Kwon, Jae‐Uk Song
Respirology.2019; 24(1): 68. CrossRef
Relationship of rheumatoid arthritis and coronary artery disease in the Korean population: a nationwide cross-sectional study
Tae Hyub Lee, Gwan Gyu Song, Sung Jae Choi, Hongdeok Seok, Jae Hyun Jung
Advances in Rheumatology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Impact of Visceral Adipose Tissue on Clinical Outcomes After Acute Ischemic Stroke
Ja-Hae Kim, Kang-Ho Choi, Kyung-Wook Kang, Joon-Tae Kim, Seong-Min Choi, Seung-Han Lee, Man-Seok Park, Byeong C. Kim, Myeong-Kyu Kim, Ki-Hyun Cho
Stroke.2019; 50(2): 448. CrossRef
Efficacy and safety of Gelidium elegans intake on bowel symptoms in obese adults
Hyoung Il Choi, Jae Myung Cha, In-Kyung Jeong, In-Jin Cho, Jin Young Yoon, Min Seob Kwak, Jung Won Jeon, Soo Jin Kim
Medicine.2019; 98(17): e14981. CrossRef
Increased risk of psoriasis in subjects with abdominal obesity: A nationwide population‐based study
Ju Hee Han, Ji Hyun Lee, Kyung Do Han, Ha‐Na Kim, Chul Hwan Bang, Young Min Park, Jun Young Lee, Tae Yoon Kim
The Journal of Dermatology.2019; 46(8): 695. CrossRef
The effect of low body mass index on the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and mortality
H. J. Park, J. H. Cho, H. J. Kim, J.‐Y. Park, H. S. Lee, M. K. Byun
Journal of Internal Medicine.2019; 286(5): 573. CrossRef
Measuring Socioeconomic Inequalities in Obesity among Korean Adults, 1998–2015
Jongnam Hwang, Eun-Young Lee, Chung Gun Lee
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2019; 16(9): 1617. CrossRef
Association of leg muscle symmetry with knee osteoarthritis
Ji Yeon Lee, Kyungdo Han, Yong Gyu Park, Sung-Hwan Park
Clinical Rheumatology.2019; 38(12): 3549. CrossRef
Female urinary incontinence and obesity assessed by anthropometry and dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry: Analysis from the 2008–09 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Yeon Won Park, Jun Ho Lee
LUTS: Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Predictors of Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society (ASAS) Health Index in Axial Spondyloarthritis and Comparison of ASAS Health Index between Ankylosing Spondylitis and Nonradiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis: Data from the Catholic Axial
Hong Ki Min, Jennifer Lee, Ji Hyeon Ju, Sung-Hwan Park, Seung-Ki Kwok
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2019; 8(4): 467. CrossRef
Sarcopenia Is Significantly Associated with Presence and Severity of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Goh Eun Chung, Min Joo Kim, Jeong Yoon Yim, Joo Sung Kim, Ji Won Yoon
Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome.2019; 28(2): 129. CrossRef
Metabolic Obesity Phenotypes and Thyroid Cancer Risk: A Cohort Study
Hyemi Kwon, Yoosoo Chang, Ara Cho, Jiin Ahn, Se Eun Park, Cheol-Young Park, Won-Young Lee, Ki-Won Oh, Sung-Woo Park, Hocheol Shin, Seungho Ryu, Eun-Jung Rhee
Thyroid.2019; 29(3): 349. CrossRef
Risk of end‐stage renal disease from chronic kidney disease defined by decreased glomerular filtration rate in type 1 diabetes: A comparison with type 2 diabetes and the effect of metabolic syndrome
You‐Bin Lee, Kyungdo Han, Bongsung Kim, Ji Eun Jun, Seung‐Eun Lee, Jiyeon Ahn, Gyuri Kim, Sang‐Man Jin, Jae Hyeon Kim
Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of physical activity on the cardiometabolic profiles of non-obese and obese subjects: Results from the Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey
Sang Joon An, Mi-Hyang Jung, Sang-Hyun Ihm, Yun-jung Yang, Ho-Joong Youn, Ying-Mei Feng
PLOS ONE.2019; 14(3): e0208189. CrossRef
Colorectal Cancer Risks According to Sex Differences in Patients With Type II Diabetes Mellitus: A Korean Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
Ji Min Lee, Kang-Moon Lee, Dae Bum Kim, Seung-Hyun Ko, Yong Gyu Park
Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology.2019; 10(10): e00090. CrossRef
Risk of comorbid cardiovascular disease in Korean long‐term cancer survivors
Jinyoung Shin, Hyeonyoung Ko, Yoon‐Ho Choi, Inyoung Choi, Yun‐Mi Song
European Journal of Cancer Care.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Variation in the TAS2R38 Bitterness Receptor Gene Was Associated with Food Consumption and Obesity Risk in Koreans
Jeong-Hwa Choi
Nutrients.2019; 11(9): 1973. CrossRef
Blood Pressure and Development of Cardiovascular Disease in Koreans With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Mee Kyoung Kim, Kyungdo Han, Eun Sil Koh, Eun Sook Kim, Min-Kyung Lee, Ga Eun Nam, Hyuk-Sang Kwon
Hypertension.2019; 73(2): 319. CrossRef
Review on Acceptability of Patients towards Obesity Treatment Program
Eom-jee Lee, Seo-Young Kim, Young-Woo Lim, Young-Bae Park
Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research.2019; 19(1): 42. CrossRef
Relationship between metabolic syndrome and metabolic syndrome score with β-cell function by gender in non-diabetic Korean populations
Hyun Yoon, Yo Sang Yoon, Sung Gil Kim, Hye Jong Oh, Cheol Won Choi, Jeong Min Seong, Jong Park
Endocrine Research.2019; 44(3): 71. CrossRef
Oncologic evaluation of obesity as a factor in patients with rectal cancer undergoing laparoscopic surgery: a propensity-matched analysis using body mass index
Il Tae Son, Duck-Woo Kim, Eun Kyung Choe, Young Hoon Kim, Kyoung Ho Lee, Soyeon Ahn, Sung Il Kang, Myung Jo Kim, Heung-Kwon Oh, Jae-Sung Kim, Sung-Bum Kang
Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research.2019; 96(2): 86. CrossRef
Difference in health status of Korean farmers according to gender
Ho Lee, Seong-yong Cho, Jin-seok Kim, Seong-yong Yoon, Bu-il Kim, Jong-min An, Ki-beom Kim
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Plasma apelin levels in overweight/obese adults following a single bout of exhaustive exercise: A preliminary cross-sectional study
Jun Seok Son, Song Ah Chae, Byung Ik Park, Min Du, Wook Song
Endocrinología, Diabetes y Nutrición.2019; 66(5): 278. CrossRef
The Relationship Between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Physical Performance in Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Hana Moon, Hae-Jin Ko, A-Sol Kim
Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research.2019; 23(1): 9. CrossRef
The Efficacy of Body Mass Index and Total Body Fat Percent in Diagnosis Obesity according to Menopausal Status
Hyekyung Noh, Hyunjoo Lee, Seungchul Kim, Jongkil Joo, Dongsoo Suh, Kihyung Kim, Kyusup Lee
Journal of Menopausal Medicine.2019; 25(1): 55. CrossRef
Higher serum uric acid is associated with higher lumbar spine bone mineral density in male health-screening examinees: a cross-sectional study
Jiwon Hwang, Jung Hye Hwang, Seungho Ryu, Joong Kyong Ahn
Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism.2019; 37(1): 142. CrossRef
Association between night work and dyslipidemia in South Korean men and women: a cross-sectional study
Jae Hong Joo, Doo Woong Lee, Dong-Woo Choi, Eun-Cheol Park
Lipids in Health and Disease.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Association Between Waist Circumference and Dementia in Older Persons: A Nationwide Population‐Based Study
Geum Joon Cho, Soon Young Hwang, Kyu‐Min Lee, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Tak Kim, Sung Won Han, Hye Jin Yoo
Obesity.2019; 27(11): 1883. CrossRef
Plasma apelin levels in overweight/obese adults following a single bout of exhaustive exercise: A preliminary cross-sectional study
Jun Seok Son, Song Ah Chae, Byung Ik Park, Min Du, Wook Song
Endocrinología, Diabetes y Nutrición (English ed.).2019; 66(5): 278. CrossRef
The effects of high‐frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on resting‐state functional connectivity in obese adults
Se‐Hong Kim, Bo‐Yong Park, Kyoungseob Byeon, Hyunjin Park, Youngkook Kim, Young‐Mi Eun, Ju‐Hye Chung
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2019; 21(8): 1956. CrossRef
Weight change and mortality and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with new-onset diabetes mellitus: a nationwide cohort study
Mee Kyoung Kim, Kyungdo Han, Eun Sil Koh, Eun Sook Kim, Min-Kyung Lee, Ga Eun Nam, Hyuk-Sang Kwon
Cardiovascular Diabetology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Can Body Mass Index and/or Waist Circumference Be the Risk Factors of Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria?: A Nationwide Population-Based Study
Yoon Seob Kim, Kyungdo Han, Ji Hyun Lee, Jun Young Lee, Young Min Park
Annals of Dermatology.2019; 31(4): 482. CrossRef
Effects of Diabetes on Motor Recovery After Cerebral Infarct: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study
Jun Sung Moon, Seung Min Chung, Sung Ho Jang, Kyu Chang Won, Min Cheol Chang
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2019; 104(9): 3851. CrossRef
Body weight perception, disordered weight control behaviors, and depressive symptoms among Korean adults: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2014
Yongjoo Kim, S. Bryn Austin, S. V. Subramanian, Ichiro Kawachi, Chung-Ying Lin
PLOS ONE.2018; 13(6): e0198841. CrossRef
Recent Advances in Anti-Obesity Agents
Min Kyung Kim, Chul Sik Kim
The Korean Journal of Medicine.2018; 93(6): 501. CrossRef
Prediction of Mortality with A Body Shape Index in Young Asians: Comparison with Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference
Da‐Young Lee, Mi‐Yeon Lee, Ki‐Chul Sung
Obesity.2018; 26(6): 1096. CrossRef
Body mass index and weight change during initial period of chemotherapy affect survival outcome in advanced biliary tract cancer patients
Jinwoo Kang, Sang Hyub Lee, Jun Hyuk Son, Jae Woo Lee, Young Hoon Choi, Jin Ho Choi, Woo Hyun Paik, Ji Kon Ryu, Yong-Tae Kim, Gianfranco D. Alpini
PLOS ONE.2018; 13(4): e0195118. CrossRef
Management of Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease with Lifestyle Modification
Byung-Wan Lee
The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2018; 19(2): 82. CrossRef
The association between serum uric acid and asymptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis in middle-aged Koreans
J.K. Ahn, J. Hwang, J.H. Hwang, W.T. Yoon, P.W. Chung, S. Ryu
Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases.2018; 28(1): 14. CrossRef
Clinical Significance of Serum Adipokines according to Body Mass Index in Patients with Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer Undergoing Radical Prostatectomy
Minyong Kang, Seok-Soo Byun, Sang Eun Lee, Sung Kyu Hong
The World Journal of Men's Health.2018; 36(1): 57. CrossRef
Laparoscopic metabolic surgery for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in Asia: a scoping review and evidence-based analysis
Zhiyong Dong, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Ashley M. Yu, Rui Qu, Bingsheng Guan, Junchang Zhang, Zhao Hong, Cunchuang Wang
BMC Surgery.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Implication of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Metabolic Syndrome, and Subclinical Inflammation on Mild Renal Insufficiency
Ga Eun Nam, Soon Young Hwang, Hye Soo Chung, Ju Hee Choi, Hyun Jung Lee, Nam Hoon Kim, Hye Jin Yoo, Ji-A Seo, Sin Gon Kim, Nan Hee Kim, Sei Hyun Baik, Kyung Mook Choi
International Journal of Endocrinology.2018; 2018: 1. CrossRef
Association between thyroid hormone levels, body composition and insulin resistance in euthyroid subjects with normal thyroid ultrasound: The Kangbuk Samsung Health Study
Hyemi Kwon, Jung‐Hwan Cho, Da Young Lee, Se Eun Park, Cheol‐Young Park, Won‐Young Lee, Ki‐Won Oh, Sung‐Woo Park, Eun‐Jung Rhee
Clinical Endocrinology.2018; 89(5): 649. CrossRef
Obesity and chronic kidney disease: A population-based study among South Koreans
Lorraine S. Evangelista, Won-Kyung Cho, Youngmee Kim, Giuseppe Remuzzi
PLOS ONE.2018; 13(2): e0193559. CrossRef
Association between abdominal obesity and increased risk for the development of hypertension regardless of physical activity: A nationwide population‐based study
Eun‐Jung Rhee, Jung‐Hwan Cho, Hyemi Kwon, Se‐Eun Park, Jin‐Hyung Jung, Kyung‐Do Han, Yong‐Gyu Park, Hye Soon Park, Yang‐Hyun Kim, Soon‐Jib Yoo, Won‐Young Lee
The Journal of Clinical Hypertension.2018; 20(10): 1417. CrossRef
Relationships between 25(OH)D concentration, sarcopenia and HOMA-IR in postmenopausal Korean women
J. H. Lee, S. Kim, M. K. Kim, B. H. Yun, S. Cho, Y. S. Choi, B. S. Lee, S. K. Seo
Climacteric.2018; 21(1): 40. CrossRef
Supplementation of a polyphenol extract from Ecklonia cava reduces body fat, oxidative and inflammatory stress in overweight healthy subjects with abdominal obesity: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial
Hyo Jin Lee, Oran Kwon, Ji Yeon Kim
Journal of Functional Foods.2018; 46: 356. CrossRef
Peripheral artery disease is associated with poor clinical outcome in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm after endovascular aneurysm repair
Oh-Hyun Lee, Young-Guk Ko, Chul-Min Ahn, Dong-Ho Shin, Jung-Sun Kim, Byeong-Keuk Kim, Donghoon Choi, Do Yun Lee, Myeong-Ki Hong, Yangsoo Jang
International Journal of Cardiology.2018; 268: 208. CrossRef
Associations of Variability in Blood Pressure, Glucose and Cholesterol Concentrations, and Body Mass Index With Mortality and Cardiovascular Outcomes in the General Population
Mee Kyoung Kim, Kyungdo Han, Yong-Moon Park, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Gunseog Kang, Kun-Ho Yoon, Seung-Hwan Lee
Circulation.2018; 138(23): 2627. CrossRef
Relative contribution of obesity and menopause to the association between serum adiponectin and incident metabolic syndrome
Song Vogue Ahn, Dong-Hyuk Jung, Dhananjay Yadav, Jang-Young Kim, Sang-Baek Koh
Menopause.2018; 25(2): 154. CrossRef
The effect of change in fasting glucose on the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, and all-cause mortality: a nationwide cohort study
Gyeongsil Lee, Sung Min Kim, Seulggie Choi, Kyuwoong Kim, Su-Min Jeong, Joung Sik Son, Jae-Moon Yun, Sang Min Park
Cardiovascular Diabetology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
The relationship between pulmonary function and suicidal ideation in Korean adults: a nationwide survey
Min-Seok Seo, In Cheol Hwang, Jae-Yong Shim, Hong Yup Ahn, Sewan Kim
Psychology, Health & Medicine.2018; 23(9): 1037. CrossRef
Metabolic syndrome: prevalence and risk factors in Korean gout patients
Jae Hyun Jung, Gwan Gyu Song, Jong Dae Ji, Young Ho Lee, Jae-Hoon Kim, Young Ho Seo, Sung Jae Choi
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2018; 33(4): 815. CrossRef
Being Metabolically Healthy, the Most Responsible Factor for Vascular Health
Eun-Jung Rhee
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2018; 42(1): 19. CrossRef
Obesity, Metabolic Abnormality, and Progression of CKD
Hae-Ryong Yun, Hyoungnae Kim, Jung Tak Park, Tae Ik Chang, Tae-Hyun Yoo, Shin-Wook Kang, Kyu Hun Choi, Suah Sung, Soo Wan Kim, Joongyub Lee, Kook-Hwan Oh, Curie Ahn, Seung Hyeok Han, Seohyun Park, Jong Hyun Jhee, Youn Kyung Kee, Dong Wan Chae, Ho Jun Chin
American Journal of Kidney Diseases.2018; 72(3): 400. CrossRef
The association between low level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and mood disorder using time-dependent analysis
Seung Ju Kim, Kyu-Tae Han, Suk-Yong Jang, Eun-Cheol Park
Journal of Affective Disorders.2018; 225: 317. CrossRef
Trends and Cut-Point Changes in Obesity Parameters by Age Groups Considering Metabolic Syndrome
Hyung Jun Park, Young Ho Hong, Yun Jung Cho, Ji Eun Lee, Jae Moon Yun, Hyuktae Kwon, Sang Hyuck Kim
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Implications of circulating Meteorin-like (Metrnl) level in human subjects with type 2 diabetes
Hye Soo Chung, Soon Young Hwang, Ju Hee Choi, Hyun Jung Lee, Nam Hoon Kim, Hye Jin Yoo, Ji-A Seo, Sin Gon Kim, Nan Hee Kim, Sei Hyun Baik, Kyung Mook Choi
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2018; 136: 100. CrossRef
Differential relationship between waist circumference and mortality according to age, sex, and body mass index in Koreans with age of 30–90 years; a nationwide health insurance database study
Geum Joon Cho, Hye Jin Yoo, Soon Young Hwang, Jun Choi, Kyu-Min Lee, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Sung Won Han, Tak Kim
BMC Medicine.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Gastroesophageal reflux disease and its related factors among women of reproductive age: Korea Nurses’ Health Study
Oksoo Kim, Hee Jung Jang, Sue Kim, Hea-Young Lee, Eunyoung Cho, Jung Eun Lee, Heeja Jung, Jiyoung Kim
BMC Public Health.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Metabolic syndrome and risk of Parkinson disease: A nationwide cohort study
Ga Eun Nam, Seon Mee Kim, Kyungdo Han, Nan Hee Kim, Hye Soo Chung, Jin Wook Kim, Byoungduck Han, Sung Jung Cho, Ji Hee Yu, Yong Gyu Park, Kyung Mook Choi, Ronald C. W. Ma
PLOS Medicine.2018; 15(8): e1002640. CrossRef
Impact of systemic inflammation on the relationship between insulin resistance and all-cause and cancer-related mortality
Da Young Lee, Eun-Jung Rhee, Yoosoo Chang, Chong Il Sohn, Ho-Cheol Shin, Seungho Ryu, Won-Young Lee
Metabolism.2018; 81: 52. CrossRef
The Effects of Weight Control Behaviors among Korean Obese Adults
Li-Ly Kang, Ha-Nui Kim, Young-Ah Jung, Hwan-Sik Hwang, Hoon-Ki Park, Kye-Yeung Park
Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2018; 39(4): 247. CrossRef
The impact of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome on the progression of coronary artery calcification
Yun Kyung Cho, Yu Mi Kang, Jee Hee Yoo, Jiwoo Lee, Seung Eun Lee, Dong Hyun Yang, Joon-Won Kang, Joong-Yeol Park, Chang Hee Jung, Hong-Kyu Kim, Woo Je Lee
Scientific Reports.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Clinical and Body Compositional Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Obese Koreans: A Cross-Sectional Study
Yoo Mee Kim, Sunghoon Kim, Se Hwa Kim, Young Jun Won
Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders.2018; 16(6): 290. CrossRef
Metabolic syndrome status over 2 years predicts incident chronic kidney disease in mid-life adults: a 10-year prospective cohort study
So Jin Lee, Hun Ju Lee, Hyun jeong Oh, Taehwa Go, Dae Ryong Kang, Jang Young Kim, Ji Hye Huh
Scientific Reports.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Relationship between Nutrition Intake and Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate in Korean Adults (30–65 years) from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2014
Jihye Ryu, So Ra Yoon, Won Suk An, Oh Yoen Kim
Clinical Nutrition Research.2018; 7(2): 102. CrossRef
The factors associated with Vitamin D deficiency in community dwelling elderly in Korea
Sun Hea Kim, Jung Eun Oh, Dong Won Song, Choo Yon Cho, Sung Ho Hong, Yong Jin Cho, Byung Wook Yoo, Kyung Suk Shin, Hyun Joe, Hwang Sik Shin, Doo Yong Son
Nutrition Research and Practice.2018; 12(5): 387. CrossRef
Appropriate Amount of Regular Exercise Is Associated with a Reduced Mortality Risk
DA YOUNG LEE, EUN-JUNG RHEE, JUNG HWAN CHO, HYEMI KWON, SE EUN PARK, YANG-HYUN KIM, KYUNGDO HAN, YONG-KYU PARK, SOON JIB YOO, WON-YOUNG LEE
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise.2018; 50(12): 2451. CrossRef
Relationship of Circulating Fetuin-A Levels with Body Size and Metabolic Phenotypes
Hye Soo Chung, Hyun Jung Lee, Soon Young Hwang, Ju-Hee Choi, Hye Jin Yoo, Ji A. Seo, Sin Gon Kim, Nan Hee Kim, Dong Seop Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Kyung Mook Choi
International Journal of Endocrinology.2018; 2018: 1. CrossRef
Comorbidity of Narcolepsy and Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Case Report
Hayeon Kim, Ji Hyun Song, Tae Won Kim, Sung Min Kim, Yoo Hyun Um, Ji Hye Oh, In Hee Cho, Seung Chul Hong
Sleep Medicine Research.2018; 9(2): 124. CrossRef
Obesity Education in Medical School Curricula in Korea
Sang Yeoup Lee
Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome.2018; 27(1): 35. CrossRef
The impact of disease severity on paradoxical association between body mass index and mortality in patients with acute kidney injury undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy
Hyoungnae Kim, Hyunwook Kim, Misol Lee, Min-Uk Cha, Ki Heon Nam, Seong Yeong An, Su-Young Jung, Jong Hyun Jhee, Seohyun Park, Hae-Ryong Yun, Youn Kyung Kee, Hyung Jung Oh, Jung Tak Park, Tae Ik Chang, Tae-Hyun Yoo, Shin-Wook Kang, Seung Hyeok Han
BMC Nephrology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Rheumatoid factor positivity increases all-cause and cancer mortality: a cohort study
Joong Kyong Ahn, Jiwon Hwang, Yoosoo Chang, Seungho Ryu
Rheumatology International.2017; 37(7): 1135. CrossRef
Low dietary intake of n-3 fatty acids, niacin, folate, and vitamin C in Korean patients with schizophrenia and the development of dietary guidelines for schizophrenia
Eun Jin Kim, So Young Lim, Hee Jae Lee, Ju-Yeon Lee, Seunggi Choi, Seon-Young Kim, Jae-Min Kim, Il-Seon Shin, Jin-Sang Yoon, Soo Jin Yang, Sung-Wan Kim
Nutrition Research.2017; 45: 10. CrossRef
Body Mass Index and Mortality
Hye Jin Yoo
Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome.2017; 26(1): 3. CrossRef
Medical Management of Obesity
Sang Yeoup Lee
The Korean Journal of Helicobacter and Upper Gastrointestinal Research.2017; 17(2): 66. CrossRef
Variability in Total Cholesterol Is Associated With the Risk of End-Stage Renal Disease
Mee Kyoung Kim, Kyungdo Han, Eun Sil Koh, Hun-Sung Kim, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Yong-Moon Park, Kun-Ho Yoon, Seung-Hwan Lee
Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology.2017; 37(10): 1963. CrossRef
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Thyroid
Natural Course of Cytologically Benign Thyroid Nodules: Observation of Ultrasonographic Changes: Dong Jun Lim, Jee Young Kim, Ki Hyun Baek, Mee Kyoung Kim, Woo Chan Park, Jong Min Lee, Moo Il Kang, Bong Yun Cha; Endocrinol Metab. 2013;28(2):110-118. Published online June 18, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2013.28.2.110

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Abstract PDF PubReader

Background

The natural course of cytologically benign thyroid nodules remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether ultrasonographic (US) changes are associated with changes in nodule volume during follow-up.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed over 4 years of clinical records of patients with benign thyroid nodules as confirmed by fine needle aspiration (FNA). In total, 186 patients with 202 benign thyroid nodules were included for study. We assessed for changes in nodule volume and examined the cystic portion of the nodule as well as four US features (echogenicity, margin, calcification pattern, and shape).

Results

During follow-up (mean, 21.7±10.7 months) and using 50% as a cutoff value, nodule volumes increased in 11.8%, exhibited no change in 79.9%, and decreased in 8.3% of patients. Proportion of nodules demonstrating at least one US change was 20.8% (42/202). The most common US changes (in descending order of frequency) were cystic change, margin change, and calcification pattern change. Nodule shape and echogenicity rarely changed. Increased nodule volume was not significantly associated with any US features or with the number of FNAs but was associated with younger age at time of diagnosis.

Conclusion

Although a portion of thyroid nodules confirmed as benign showed US changes or volume changes during the follow-up period, these findings may only represent the natural course of benign nodules. Frequent follow-up with US might be needed for only a small number of cases with suspicious US findings.

Citations

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A Case of Graves' Disease Associated with Systemic Sclerosis.: Yune Jeong Lee, Mee Kyoung Kim, Dong Jun Lim, Ki Hoon Hur, Ki Hyun Baek, Moo Il Kang, Chul Soo Cho, Kwang Woo Lee, Gyeong Sin Park; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2007;22(3):220-224. Published online June 1, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2007.22.3.220

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Abstract PDF

Systemic sclerosis is associated with a broad spectrum of autoimmune thyroid diseases. The association between systemic scleroderma and hypothyroidism is well established. However, there have been very few reports concerning the association between hyperthyroidism and systemic scleroderma. We experienced a patient with Graves' disease who presented with muscle weakness and the patient was finally diagnosed with systemic sclerosis via pathological examination of the muscle. We describe here a rare case of systemic sclerosis associated with Graves` disease.

Citations

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Systemic Sclerosis Associated with Non-small Cell Lung Cancer and Papillary Thyroid Cancer: Case Report and Literature Review
Ho Jae Kim, Jung Joo Kim, Hee Jung Park, Yong Tai Kim
The Korean Journal of Medicine.2017; 92(3): 316. CrossRef

Deep Learning Technology for Classification of Thyroid Nodules Using Multi-View Ultrasound Images: Potential Benefits and Challenges in Clinical Application: Jinyoung Kim, Min-Hee Kim, Dong-Jun Lim, Hankyeol Lee, Jae Jun Lee, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Mee Kyoung Kim, Ki-Ho Song, Tae-Jung Kim, So Lyung Jung, Yong Oh Lee, Ki-Hyun Baek; Received June 3, 2024 Accepted September 23, 2024 Published online January 13, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.2058 [Epub ahead of print]

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Abstract PDF: Background
This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of deep learning technology to thyroid ultrasound images for classification of thyroid nodules.
Methods
This retrospective analysis included ultrasound images of patients with thyroid nodules investigated by fine-needle aspiration at the thyroid clinic of a single center from April 2010 to September 2012. Thyroid nodules with cytopathologic results of Bethesda category V (suspicious for malignancy) or VI (malignant) were defined as thyroid cancer. Multiple deep learning algorithms based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) —ResNet, DenseNet, and EfficientNet—were utilized, and Siamese neural networks facilitated multi-view analysis of paired transverse and longitudinal ultrasound images.
Results
Among 1,048 analyzed thyroid nodules from 943 patients, 306 (29%) were identified as thyroid cancer. In a subgroup analysis of transverse and longitudinal images, longitudinal images showed superior prediction ability. Multi-view modeling, based on paired transverse and longitudinal images, significantly improved the model performance; with an accuracy of 0.82 (95% confidence intervals [CI], 0.80 to 0.86) with ResNet50, 0.83 (95% CI, 0.83 to 0.88) with DenseNet201, and 0.81 (95% CI, 0.79 to 0.84) with EfficientNetv2_ s. Training with high-resolution images obtained using the latest equipment tended to improve model performance in association with increased sensitivity.
Conclusion
CNN algorithms applied to ultrasound images demonstrated substantial accuracy in thyroid nodule classification, indicating their potential as valuable tools for diagnosing thyroid cancer. However, in real-world clinical settings, it is important to aware that model performance may vary depending on the quality of images acquired by different physicians and imaging devices.

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