Fig. 1Study population. KoGES, Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study.
Fig. 2The cutoff value of gamma-glutamyltransferase predicting the risk of metabolic syndrome. (A) Men. (B) Women. AUC, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve.
Table 1Anthropometric and Biochemical Characteristics of Subjects at Baseline and Follow-up
|
Men (n=57,139) |
Women (n=121,544) |
Q1 (20≤) |
Q2 (21–29) |
Q3 (30–46) |
Q4 (≥47) |
Q1 (12≤) |
Q2 (13–16) |
Q3 (17–23) |
Q4 (≥24) |
Participants |
14,752 (25.8) |
14,283 (25.0) |
13,794 (24.1) |
14,310 (25.0) |
29,692 (24.4) |
32,621 (26.8) |
30,180 (24.8) |
29,051 (23.9) |
Age, yr |
56.25±9.58 |
55.22±9.07 |
54.33±8.88 |
53.51±8.75 |
51.51±8.87 |
52.92±8.56 |
54.29±8.26 |
54.91±7.99 |
Waist circumference, cm |
82.34±7.37 |
85.02±7.32 |
86.86±7.23 |
87.93±7.45 |
76.66±7.76 |
78.06±8.11 |
80.29±8.39 |
82.29±8.68 |
Alcohol intake, g/day |
4.88±8.05 |
7.12±9.46 |
9.45±10.54 |
13.30±11.60 |
1.01±3.09 |
1.26±3.66 |
1.50±4.20 |
1.97±5.18 |
Smoking |
3,543 (24.0) |
4,036 (28.3) |
4,537 (32.9) |
5,636 (39.4) |
429 (1.4) |
572 (1.8) |
742 (2.5) |
1,083 (3.7) |
BMI, kg/m2
|
23.15±2.55 |
24.14±2.60 |
24.82±2.66 |
25.15±2.87 |
22.92±2.64 |
23.44±2.82 |
24.20±3.04 |
24.94±3.27 |
SBP, mm Hg |
122.27±15.11 |
124.62±14.73 |
126.28±14.87 |
128.77±15.64 |
118.17±15.88 |
120.29±15.95 |
123.11±16.04 |
125.24±16.49 |
DBP, mm Hg |
76.57±9.92 |
78.07±8.74 |
79.45±9.93 |
81.32±10.31 |
73.48±10.16 |
74.62±10.12 |
76.13±10.06 |
77.40±10.26 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL |
183.98±31.89 |
192.09±33.05 |
196.60±34.51 |
200.28±38.58 |
190.10±32.60 |
198.08±34.04 |
204.19±36.34 |
208.39±38.77 |
Triglyceride, mg/dL |
110.00±61.68 |
134.62±81.93 |
158.02±97.55 |
197.95±144.90 |
95.38±54.77 |
107.48±63.21 |
126.20±78.59 |
147.75±100.97 |
HDL-C, mg/dL |
48.33±11.55 |
47.90±11.52 |
47.25±11.24 |
48.85±13.04 |
55.36±12.94 |
55.51±12.86 |
54.35±12.98 |
53.52±13.17 |
ALT, IU/L |
19.20±7.70 |
22.72±10.52 |
27.59±14.37 |
39.17±35.80 |
14.95±9.97 |
16.61±7.71 |
19.60±10.35 |
30.03±36.70 |
AST, IU/L |
22.23±6.53 |
23.31±8.22 |
25.37±8.64 |
33.60±29.35 |
20.41±5.46 |
21.01±6.22 |
22.29±7.11 |
28.76±34.91 |
Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL |
94.36±20.24 |
96.95±21.86 |
100.00±25.83 |
104.07±28.38 |
89.32±13.76 |
91.04±15.71 |
94.50±20.78 |
99.15±26.10 |
HbA1c, % |
5.61±0.66 |
5.73±0.76 |
5.82±0.84 |
5.92±0.98 |
5.47±0.47 |
5.58±0.53 |
5.74±0.69 |
5.93±0.95 |
Energy intake, kcal |
1,813.1±569.8 |
1,836.7±550.8 |
1,839.0±556.2 |
1,826.4±561.6 |
1,694.0±607.0 |
1,688.9±577.6 |
1,685.5±582.1 |
1,682.5±589.0 |
Moderate exercisea
|
7,312 (53.3) |
7,423 (55.3) |
6,980 (54.1) |
6,511 (49.1) |
13,215 (46.5) |
15,079 (48.5) |
14,142 (48.7) |
12,981 (46.1) |
Table 2Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Men and Women According to GGT Quartile
|
GGT, IU/L |
P for trend |
Q1 |
Q2 |
Q3 |
Q4 |
Men |
Q1 (20≤) |
Q2 (21–29) |
Q3 (30–46) |
Q4 (≥47) |
|
Prevalence |
2,061 (14.0) |
3,435 (24.0) |
4,546 (33.0) |
6,264 (43.8) |
<0.001 |
Model 1 |
Reference |
1.988 (1.871–2.112) |
3.136 (2.957–3.327) |
5.043 (4.760–5.342) |
|
Model 2 |
Reference |
2.027 (1.907–2.154) |
3.251 (3.063–3.451) |
5.320 (5.014–5.645) |
|
Model 3 |
Reference |
1.534 (1.432–1.643) |
1.939 (1.811–2.076) |
2.754 (2.572–2.948) |
|
Women |
Q1 (12≤) |
Q2 (13–16) |
Q3 (17–23) |
Q4 (≥24) |
|
Prevalence |
3,392 (11.4) |
5,233 (16.0) |
7,640 (25.3) |
10,495 (36.1) |
<0.001 |
Model 1 |
Reference |
1.387 (1.322–1.455) |
2.329 (2.226–2.438) |
3.867 (3.700–4.042) |
|
Model 2 |
Reference |
1.395 (1.330–1.463) |
2.354 (2.250–2.464) |
3.934 (3.763–4.112) |
|
Model 3 |
Reference |
1.155 (1.094–1.218) |
1.528 (1.451–1.609) |
2.022 (1.921–2.128) |
|
Table 3Prevalence of Abnormal Metabolic Syndrome Components in Men and Women According to GGT Quartile
|
GGT, IU/L |
P for trend |
Q1 |
Q2 |
Q3 |
Q4 |
Men |
Q1 (20≤) |
Q2 (21–29) |
Q3 (30–46) |
Q4 (≥47) |
|
High waist circumference |
|
|
|
|
|
Prevalence, n (%) |
2,341 (15.9) |
3,687 (25.8) |
4,761 (34.5) |
5,774 (40.3) |
<0.001 |
Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) |
1 |
1.891 (1.785–2.005) |
2.925 (2.763–3.096) |
3.822 (3.614–4.043) |
|
High blood pressure |
|
|
|
|
|
Prevalence, n (%) |
7,260 (49.2) |
7,943 (55.6) |
8,444 (61.2) |
9,707 (67.8) |
<0.001 |
Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) |
1 |
1.319 (1.259–1.382) |
1.691 (1.613–1.773) |
2.296 (2.188–2.410) |
|
High triglyceride |
|
|
|
|
|
Prevalence, n (%) |
2,735 (18.5) |
4,378 (30.7) |
5,874 (42.6) |
8,040 (56.2) |
<0.001 |
Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) |
1 |
1.920 (1.818–2.028) |
3.190 (3.024–3.366) |
5.467 (5.184–5.766) |
|
High glucose |
|
|
|
|
|
Prevalence, n (%) |
3,351 (22.7) |
4,136 (29.0) |
4,776 (34.6) |
6,233 (43.6) |
<0.001 |
Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) |
1 |
1.443 (1.368–1.522) |
1.939 (1.839–2.044) |
2.919 (2.772–3.074) |
|
Low HDL-C |
|
|
|
|
|
Prevalence, n (%) |
3,346 (22.7) |
3,474 (24.3) |
3,502 (25.4) |
3,225 (22.5) |
0.677 |
Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) |
1 |
1.105 (1.047–1.167) |
1.178 (1.116–1.244) |
1.014 (0.959–1.072) |
|
Women |
Q1 (12≤) |
Q2 (13–16) |
Q3 (17–23) |
Q4 (≥24) |
|
High waist circumference |
|
|
|
|
|
Prevalence, n (%) |
4,450 (15.0) |
6,603 (20.2) |
8,678 (28.8) |
10,941 (37.7) |
<0.001 |
Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) |
1 |
1.356 (1.299–1.415) |
2.042 (1.959–2.128) |
3.013 (2.893–3.138) |
|
High blood pressure |
|
|
|
|
|
Prevalence, n (%) |
10,451 (35.2) |
13,409 (41.1) |
14,577 (48.3) |
15,593 (53.7) |
<0.001 |
Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) |
1 |
1.204 (1.164–1.245) |
1.517 (1.467–1.569) |
1.836 (1.774–1.900) |
|
High triglyceride |
|
|
|
|
|
Prevalence, n (%) |
3,471 (11.7) |
5,730 (17.6) |
8,082 (26.8) |
10,519 (36.2) |
<0.001 |
Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) |
1 |
1.533 (1.464–1.605) |
2.515 (2.406–2.628) |
3.849 (3.686–4.020) |
|
High glucose |
|
|
|
|
|
Prevalence, n (%) |
3,443 (11.6) |
5,030 (15.4) |
6,905 (22.9) |
9,268 (31.9) |
<0.001 |
Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) |
1 |
1.318 (1.257–1.381) |
2.044 (1.954–2.138) |
3.183 (3.047–3.326) |
|
Low HDL-C |
|
|
|
|
|
Prevalence, n (%) |
10,369 (34.9) |
11,202 (34.3) |
11,822 (39.2) |
12,317 (42.4) |
<0.001 |
Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) |
1 |
0.926 (0.895–0.957) |
1.090 (1.054–1.128) |
1.222 (1.181–1.264) |
|