Fig. 1Comparison of the mean percent change of body weight, lean mass, and fat mass among three groups divided by the percent weight change over 4 years and age at baseline.
Fig. 2Comparison of percent changes in lean and fat mass during a 4-year period by age and sex.
Table 1General Characteristics of the Participants at Baseline and after 4 Years (n=65,856)
Variable |
Value |
Age, yr |
39.1±6.5 |
Male sex |
39,156 (59.5) |
Fasting blood glucose, mg/dL |
92.1±8.6 |
Aspartate aminotransferase, IU/L |
22.9±34.5 |
Alanine aminotransferase, IU/L |
23.9±31.1 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL |
195.4±33.7 |
Triglyceride, mg/dL |
115.5±76.5 |
High density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL |
56.4±13.8 |
Low density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL |
117.5±30.6 |
Glycated hemoglobin, % |
5.59±0.3 |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg |
113.7±12.6 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg |
72.2±9.3 |
Body weight, kg |
66.1±12.2 |
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
23.3±3.1 |
Muscle mass, kg |
46.9±9.2 |
Body fat mass, kg |
16.4±5.3 |
Body weight change, kg |
0.36±3.4 |
Percent change of body weight, % |
0.64±5.1 |
Lean mass change, kg |
−0.50±1.7 |
Percent change of lean mass, % |
−0.78±2.6 |
Annual percent change of lean mass, % |
−0.19±0.6 |
Fat mass change, kg |
0.91±2.9 |
Percent change of fat mass, % |
1.48±4.4 |
Annual percent change of fat mass, % |
0.37±1.1 |
Regular exercise |
15,184 (23.1) |
Current smoker |
14,480 (22.0) |
Alcohol consumption |
10,930 (16.6) |
Table 2Baseline Values and Changes in Metabolic Parameters during the 4-Year Follow-up Period
Variable |
<50 yr (n=62,132) |
≥50 yr (n=3,724) |
P value |
Men (n=39,156) |
Women (n=26,700) |
P value |
Age, yr |
38.2±5.4 |
54.5±5.3 |
<0.01 |
39.5±6.6 |
38.5±6.3 |
<0.01 |
Male sex |
36,703 (59.1) |
2,453 (65.9) |
<0.01 |
- |
- |
- |
Body weight, kg |
66.1±12.3 |
65.4±10.1 |
<0.01 |
72.9±9.8 |
56.0±7.7 |
<0.01 |
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
23.3±3.1 |
23.8±2.6 |
<0.01 |
24.4±2.9 |
21.8±2.8 |
<0.01 |
Muscle mass, kg |
46.9±9.3 |
46.1±8.3 |
<0.01 |
53.2±5.7 |
37.6±3.8 |
<0.01 |
Body fat mass, kg |
16.4±5.4 |
16.5±4.8 |
0.04 |
16.5±5.5 |
16.2±5.1 |
<0.01 |
Body weight change, kg |
0.40±3.5 |
−0.34±2.7 |
<0.01 |
0.40±3.5 |
0.30±3.3 |
0.52 |
Percent change of body weight, % |
0.70±5.2 |
−0.45±4.1 |
<0.01 |
0.65±4.8 |
0.62±5.6 |
<0.01 |
Lean mass change, kg |
−0.48±1.7 |
−0.92±1.7 |
<0.01 |
−0.46±1.8 |
−0.58±1.5 |
<0.01 |
Percent change of lean mass, % |
−0.74±2.5 |
−1.41±2.5 |
<0.01 |
−0.61±2.5 |
−1.03±2.7 |
<0.01 |
Annual percent change of lean mass, kg |
−0.18±0.6 |
−0.35±0.6 |
<0.01 |
−0.15±0.6 |
−0.26±0.7 |
<0.01 |
Fat mass change, kg |
0.92±2.9 |
0.71±2.4 |
<0.01 |
0.93±2.9 |
0.88±2.9 |
0.04 |
Percent change of fat mass, % |
1.50±4.4 |
1.16±3.7 |
<0.01 |
1.36±3.9 |
1.66±5.0 |
<0.01 |
Annual percent change of fat mass, kg |
0.38±1.1 |
0.29±0.9 |
<0.01 |
0.34±1.0 |
0.42±1.2 |
<0.01 |
Table 3Comparison of Mean Metabolic Parameter Values among the Groups Divided by Age and Weight Changea
Variable |
Age <50 yr and weight change <−5% (n=6,923) |
Age ≥50 yr and weight change <−5% (n=441) |
Age <50 yr and weight change −5% to 5% (n=44,599) |
Age ≥50 yr and weight change −5% to 5% (n=2,984) |
Age <50 yr and weight change >5% (n=10,610) |
Age ≥50 yr and weight change >5% (n=299) |
Age, yr |
38.2±5.4 |
55.1±5.9 |
38.6±5.3 |
54.4±5.3 |
36.7±5.3 |
54.2±5.1 |
Male sex |
3,634 (52.5) |
297 (67.3) |
27,149 (60.9) |
1,978 (66.3) |
5,920 (55.8) |
178 (59.5) |
Body weight, kg |
68.2±12.8 |
66.5±10.5 |
66.3±12.3 |
65.5±9.9 |
64.1±11.8 |
62.7±10.1 |
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
26.3±3.2 |
24.3±2.7 |
23.3±3.1 |
23.8±2.6 |
22.6±3.1 |
22.9±2.7 |
Muscle mass, kg |
46.8±9.6 |
46.5±8.6 |
47.2±9.2 |
46.2±8.2 |
45.9±9.1 |
44.3±8.1 |
Body fat mass, kg |
18.5±5.6 |
17.2±4.8 |
16.3±5.2 |
16.5±4.8 |
15.4±5.5 |
15.7±5.0 |
Body weight change, kg |
−5.55±2.6 |
−4.83±1.7 |
0.15±1.7 |
−0.18±1.6 |
5.32±2.4 |
4.73±1.7 |
Percent change of body weight, % |
−8.10±3.1 |
−7.25±2.3 |
0.25±2.6 |
−0.26±2.5 |
8.34±3.5 |
7.61±2.7 |
Lean mass change, kg |
−1.92±1.7 |
−2.20±1.6 |
−0.57±1.5 |
−0.88±1.5 |
0.83±1.6 |
0.60±1.5 |
Percent change of lean mass, % |
−2.81±2.4 |
−3.29±2.4 |
−0.89±2.2 |
−1.36±2.3 |
1.25±2.5 |
0.89±2.4 |
Annual percent change of lean mass, % |
−0.70±0.6 |
−0.82±0.6 |
−0.22±0.6 |
−0.34±0.6 |
0.31±0.6 |
0.22±0.6 |
Fat mass change, kg |
−3.49±2.6 |
−2.41±2.1 |
0.77±1.9 |
0.84±1.9 |
4.44±2.3 |
4.13±2.0 |
Percent change of fat mass, % |
−5.06±3.6 |
−3.62±3.1 |
1.22±2.9 |
1.31±2.9 |
7.00±3.6 |
6.74±3.4 |
Annual percent change of fat mass, % |
−1.27±0.9 |
−0.90±0.8 |
0.30±0.7 |
0.33±0.7 |
1.75±0.9 |
1.69±0.9 |
Regular exercise |
1,613 (23.3) |
100 (22.7) |
994 (22.3) |
718 (24.1) |
2,716 (25.6) |
93 (31.1) |
Current smoker |
1,275 (18.4) |
66 (15.0) |
9,940 (22.3) |
494 (16.6) |
2,627 (24.8) |
78 (26.1) |
Alcohol consumption |
1,101 (15.9) |
92 (20.9) |
7,552 (16.9) |
678 (22.7) |
1,441 (13.6) |
66 (22.1) |
Table 4Odds Ratios for a Rapid Annual Decrease in Lean Mass (Lowest Quartilea)
|
No. of subjects (%) |
Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
Model 4 |
30s |
8,361/53,829 (23.3) |
1.000 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
40s |
6,810/26,303 (25.9) |
1.148 (1.106–1.191) |
1.148 (1.106–1.191) |
1.205 (1.143–1.271) |
1.200 (1.134–1.270) |
50s |
1,038/3,135 (33.1) |
1.626 (1.504–1.759) |
1.627 (1.504–1.760) |
1.576 (1.436–1.730) |
1.573 (1.422–1.741) |
≥60s |
223/589 (37.9) |
2.002 (1.692–2.369) |
2.000 (1.690–2.367) |
1.921 (1.585–2.328) |
2.081 (1.678–2.581) |