Table 1Selected Anthropometric and Densitometric Measures of 183 Men <50 Years, 409 Men ≥50 Years, 1,832 Premenopausal Women, and 3,468 Postmenopausal Women
Variable |
Men |
Women |
<50 Years |
≥50 Years |
Premenopausal |
Postmenopausal |
Age, yr |
41.7±0.65 |
64.5±0.47 |
44.1±0.21 |
60.3±0.15a
|
BMI, kg/m2
|
25.9±0.41 |
26.5±0.26 |
28.6±0.13 |
29.0±0.09a
|
BMD, g/cm2
|
|
|
|
|
L1–L4 |
1.06±0.02 |
1.03±0.01 |
1.03±0.006 |
1.03±0.004 |
Femoral neck |
0.824±0.013 |
0.838±0.008 |
0.818±0.004 |
0.796±0.002a
|
Total hip |
0.886±0.013 |
0.909±0.008 |
0.875±0.004 |
0.854±0.002a
|
T-score |
|
|
|
|
L1–L4 |
–0.733±0.121 |
–0.873±0.076 |
–0.819±0.034 |
–0.840±0.022 |
Femur neck |
–2.138±01.45 |
–2.102±0.066 |
–1.451±0.030 |
–1.642±0.020a
|
Total hip |
–1.887±0.114 |
–1.828±0.071 |
–0.673±0.029 |
–0.843±0.020a
|
Z-score |
|
|
|
|
L1–L4 |
–0.350±0.111 |
- |
–0.42±0.032 |
- |
Femur neck |
–0.487±0.104 |
–0.478±0.068 |
–0.06±0.029 |
–0.31±0.019a
|
Total hip |
–0.706±0.113 |
–0.665±0.074 |
0.12±0.028 |
–0.10±0.019a
|
Fat mass, g |
|
|
|
|
L1–L4 |
1.626±0.049 |
1.592±0.030 |
1.55±0.014 |
1.58±0.009 |
Femoral neck |
31.274±0.837 |
29.518±0.527 |
35.473±0.241 |
35.363±0.160a
|
Total hip |
253.473±7.094 |
247.471±4.463 |
299.505±2.113 |
300.222±1.403a
|
L1–L4 |
|
|
|
|
Normal |
- |
192 (49.1) |
- |
1,732 (49.9) |
Osteopenia |
- |
169 (43.2) |
- |
1,498 (43.2) |
Osteoporosis |
- |
30 (7.7) |
- |
238 (6.9) |
Femoral neck |
|
|
|
|
Normal |
- |
44 (11.3) |
- |
737 (21.3)a
|
Osteopenia |
- |
164 (41.9) |
- |
1,748 (50.4)a
|
Osteoporosis |
- |
183 (46.8) |
- |
984 (28.4)a
|
Total hip |
|
|
|
|
Normal |
- |
75 (19.2) |
- |
1,684 (48.7)a
|
Osteopenia |
- |
186 (46.0) |
- |
1,493 (43.2)a
|
Osteoporosis |
- |
136 (34.8) |
- |
282 (8.2)a
|
Z-score <–2.0 |
|
|
|
|
L1–L4 |
12 (6.6) |
- |
89 (5.5) |
- |
Femoral neck |
20 (10.0) |
- |
45 (2.5) |
- |
Total hip |
39 (19.5) |
- |
17 (0.9) |
- |
BMI, kg/m2
|
|
|
|
|
<18.5 |
8 (4.0) |
7 (1.8) |
14 (0.8) |
23 (0.7)a
|
18.5–24.9 |
75 (37.3) |
142 (36.4) |
429 (23.5) |
625 (18.0)a
|
25–29.9 |
82 (40.8) |
160 (41.0) |
752 (41.2) |
1,371 (39.6) |
30–39.9 |
36 (17.9) |
81 (20.8) |
610 (33.4) |
1,394 (40.2)a
|
≥40 |
0 |
0 |
22 (1.2) |
53 (1.5)a
|
Table 2Selected Anthropometric and Densitometric Measures of 1,323 (22.5%) Normal Weight, 2,365 (40.2%) Overweight and 2,196 (37.3%) Obese Men <50 Years, Men ≥50 Years, Premenopausal Women, and Postmenopausal Women
Variable |
Men |
Women |
<50 Years |
≥50 Years |
Premenopausal |
Postmenopausal |
Normal weight |
|
|
|
|
Age, yr |
40±1.07 |
64.7±0.74 |
41.2±0.44 |
60.7±0.37a
|
BMI, kg/m2
|
21.9±0.23 |
23.3±0.17 |
22.7±0.11 |
22.7±0.09a
|
BMD, g/cm2
|
|
|
|
|
L1–L4 |
1.02±0.03 |
1.02±0.018 |
1.02±0.012 |
1.02±0.009 |
Femoral neck |
0.79±0.015 |
0.83±0.010 |
0.77±0.007 |
0.75±0.005a
|
Total hip |
0.82±0.014 |
0.89±0.010 |
0.81±0.007 |
0.75±0.005a
|
T-score |
|
|
|
|
L1–L4 |
–0.94±0.15 |
–0.93±0.11 |
–0.90±0.07 |
–0.87±0.05 |
Femoral neck |
–2.49±0.12 |
–2.22±0.09 |
–1.85±0.06 |
–2.06±0.05a
|
Total hip |
–2.45±0.12 |
–2.07±0.08 |
–1.17±0.06 |
–1.38±0.04a
|
L1–L4 |
|
|
|
|
Normal |
- |
67 (42.7) |
- |
325 (50.2) |
Osteoporosis |
- |
15 (9.6) |
- |
53 (8.2) |
Osteopenia |
- |
75 (47.8) |
- |
270 (41.7) |
Femoral neck |
|
|
|
|
Normal |
- |
12 (7.6) |
- |
68 (10.5)a
|
Osteoporosis |
- |
92 (58.6) |
- |
287 (44.3)a
|
Osteopenia |
- |
53 (33.8) |
- |
293 (45.2)a
|
Total hip |
|
|
|
|
Normal |
- |
14 (8.9) |
- |
178 (27.8)a
|
Osteoporosis |
- |
79 (50.3) |
- |
125 (19.5)a
|
Osteopenia |
- |
64 (40.8) |
- |
338 (52.7)a
|
Z-score <–2.0 |
|
|
|
|
L1–L4 |
4 (5.9) |
- |
22 (5.6) |
- |
Femoral neck |
13 (17.6) |
- |
25 (5.7)b
|
- |
Total hip |
25 (33.8) |
- |
11 (2.5)a
|
- |
Overweight |
|
|
|
|
Age, yr |
41.0±0.97 |
64.4±0.64 |
44.5±0.30 |
60.6±0.23a
|
BMI, kg/m2
|
27.3±0.17 |
27.3±0.11 |
27.6±0.06 |
27.6±0.04b
|
BMD, g/cm2
|
|
|
|
|
L1–L4 |
1.04±0.02 |
1.05±0.016 |
1.03±0.009 |
1.03±0.006 |
Femoral neck |
0.83±0.015 |
0.86±0.010 |
0.81±0.005 |
0.79±0.004a
|
Total hip |
0.88±0.014 |
0.94±0.009 |
0.86±0.005 |
0.85±0.003a
|
T-score |
|
|
|
|
L1–L4 |
–0.79±0.14 |
–0.78±0.10 |
–0.84±0.05 |
–0.85±0.04 |
Femoral neck |
–2.18±0.12 |
–1.88±0.08 |
–1.54±0.05 |
–1.67±0.03a
|
Total hip |
–1.97±0.12 |
–1.57±0.08 |
–0.80±0.04 |
–0.89±0.03a
|
L1–L4 |
|
|
|
|
Normal |
- |
87 (51.8) |
- |
670 (48.9) |
Osteoporosis |
- |
12 (7.1) |
- |
92 (6.7) |
Osteopenia |
- |
69 (41.1) |
- |
609 (44.4) |
Femoral neck |
|
|
|
|
Normal |
- |
19 (11.3) |
- |
250 (18.2)a
|
Osteoporosis |
- |
74 (44.0) |
- |
416 (30.3)a
|
Osteopenia |
- |
75 (44.6) |
- |
705 (51.4)a
|
Total hip |
|
|
|
|
Normal |
- |
34 (20.2) |
- |
624 (45.6)a
|
Osteoporosis |
- |
52 (31.0) |
- |
109 (8.0)a
|
Osteopenia |
- |
82 (48.8) |
- |
636 (46.5)a
|
Z-score <–2.0 |
|
|
|
|
L1–L4 |
6 (8.7) |
- |
37 (5.6) |
- |
Femoral neck |
4 (5.4) |
- |
14 (1.9)b
|
- |
Total hip |
9 (12.2) |
- |
5 (0.7)a
|
- |
Obese |
|
|
|
|
Age, yr |
42.7±1.27 |
61.4±0.81 |
45.7±0.29 |
59.9±0.20a
|
BMI, kg/m2
|
32.2±0.49 |
32.5±0.31 |
33.5±0.14 |
33.4±0.08c
|
BMD, g/cm2
|
|
|
|
|
L1–L4 |
1.06±0.04 |
1.07±0.023 |
1.04±0.010 |
1.03±0.006 |
Femoral neck |
0.92±0.023 |
0.89±0.014 |
0.85±0.006 |
0.82±0.004a
|
Total hip |
0.99±0.022 |
0.98±0.013 |
0.92±0.006 |
0.89±0.004a
|
T-score |
|
|
|
|
L1–L4 |
–0.78±0.21 |
–0.63±0.13 |
–0.76±0.06 |
–0.81±0.03 |
Femoral neck |
–1.41±0.19 |
–1.66±0.12 |
–1.15±0.05 |
–1.41±0.03a
|
Total hip |
–0.98±0.18 |
–1.17±0.11 |
–0.29±0.05 |
–0.52±0.03a
|
L1–L4 |
|
|
|
|
Normal |
- |
47 (56.6) |
- |
736 (50.9) |
Osteoporosis |
- |
3 (3.6) |
- |
93 (6.4) |
Osteopenia |
- |
33 (39.8) |
- |
618 (42.7) |
Femoral neck |
|
|
|
|
Normal |
- |
15 (18.1) |
- |
419 (29.0)a
|
Osteoporosis |
- 25 (30.1) |
- |
280 (19.4)a
|
|
Osteopenia |
- |
43 (51.8) |
- |
748 (51.7)a
|
Total hip |
|
|
|
|
Normal |
- |
30 (36.1) |
- |
881 (60.9)a
|
Osteoporosis |
- |
9 (10.8) |
- |
48 (3.3)a
|
Osteopenia |
- |
44 (53.0) |
- |
518 (35.8)a
|
Z-score <–2.0 |
|
|
|
|
L1–L4 |
2 (6.5) |
- |
30 (5.3) |
- |
Femoral neck |
1 (2.9) |
- |
6 (0.9)c
|
- |
Total hip |
0 |
- |
1 (0.2) |
- |
Table 3Osteopenia and Osteoporosis Prevalence Rates and Odds Ratios (95% CI) of Normal Weight, Overweight and Obese Men <50 Years, Men ≥50 Years, Premenopausal Women, and Postmenopausal Women
Variable |
Prevalence, % (95% CI) |
Age-adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)a |
Men <50 Years |
Men ≥50 Years |
Premenopausal women |
Postmenopausal women |
Men <50 Years |
Men ≥50 Years |
Premenopausal women |
Postmenopausal women |
Femoral neck osteopenia |
- |
41.8 (36.9–46.7) |
- |
50.4 (48.7–52.0) |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Normal weight |
- |
32.2 (24.7–39.7) |
- |
45.2 (41.4–49.0) |
- |
1.00 |
- |
1.00 |
Overweight |
- |
45.0 (37.3–52.7) |
- |
51.4 (48.8–54.1) |
- |
0.59 (0.25–1.39) |
- |
0.62 (0.46–0.84)b
|
Obese |
- |
53.1 (41.7–64.3) |
- |
51.7 (49.1–54.3) |
- |
0.19 (0.07–0.56)b
|
- |
0.38 (0.29–0.51)c
|
Femoral neck osteoporosise |
9.9 (6.0–15.2) |
46.9 (42.0–51.9) |
2.5 (1.8–3.3) |
28.4 (26.9–29.9) |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Normal weight |
17.6 (9.7–28.2) |
59.7 (51.9–67.6) |
5.7 (3.7–8.3) |
44.3 (40.5–48.1) |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
Overweight |
5.4 (1.5–13.3) |
44.4 (36.7–52.1) |
1.9 (1.0–3.1) |
30.3 (27.9–32.8) |
0.28 (0.09–0.094)d
|
0.52 (0.23–1.16) |
0.34 (0.17–0.68)b
|
0.36 (0.26–0.50)c
|
Obese |
2.9 (0.08–15.3) |
28.4 (18.9–39.5) |
0.9 (0.3–2.1) |
19.4 (17.3–21.4) |
0.17 (0.02–1.40) |
0.26 (0.11–0.64)b
|
0.18 (0.07–0.45)c
|
0.15 (0.11–0.20)c
|
L1–L4 osteopenia |
- |
43.1 (38.2–48.0) |
- |
43.2 (41.5–44.8) |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Normal weight |
- |
46.3 (38.3–54.3) |
- |
41.7 (37.9–45.5) |
- |
1.00 |
- |
1.00 |
Overweight |
- |
41.2 (33.6–48.9) |
- |
44.4 (41.8–47.1) |
- |
0.72 (0.45–1.13) |
- |
1.09 (0.90–1.33) |
Obese |
- |
40.7 (29.9–52.2) |
- |
42.7 (40.2–45.3) |
- |
0.66 (0.38–1.15) |
- |
1.01 (0.83–1.23) |
L1–L4 osteoporosise |
7.1 (3.7–12.1) |
7.7 (5.3–10.8) |
5.5 (4.4–6.7) |
6.9 (6.1–7.8) |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Normal weight |
5.9 (1.6–14.4) |
10.1 (5.2–14.0) |
5.6 (3.6–8.4) |
8.2 (6.2–10.6) |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
Overweight |
8.7 (3.3–18.0) |
7.5 (3.9–12.7) |
5.6 (4.0–7.8) |
6.7 (5.4–8.2) |
1.68 (0.44–6.38) |
0.62 (0.27–1.40) |
1.00 (0.57–1.73) |
0.8 4 (0.58–1.21) |
Obese |
6.5 (0.6–21.4) |
3.7 (0.8–10.4) |
5.3 (3.6–7.5) |
6.4 (5.2–7.8) |
1.31 (0.22–7.79) |
0.29 (0.08–1.02) |
0.94 (0.53–1.69) |
0.79 (0.55–1.14) |
Total hip osteopenia |
- |
46.2 (41.2–51.1) |
- |
43.2 (41.5–44.8) |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Normal weight |
- |
40.3 (32.4–48.1) |
- |
52.7 (48.9–56.6) |
- |
1.00 |
- |
1.00 |
Overweight |
- |
48.8 (41.0–56.5) |
- |
46.5 (43.8–49.1) |
- |
0.53 (0.97–1.03) |
- |
0.50 (0.40–0.62)c |
Obese |
- |
51.9 (40.5–63.1) |
- |
35.8 (33.3–38.3) |
- |
0.32 (0.15–0.67)b
|
- |
0.28 (0.23–0.35)c |
Total hip osteoporosise |
18.7 (13.0–24.3) |
34.6 (29.9–39.3) |
0.9 (0.5–1.5) |
8.2 (7.3–9.1) |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Normal weight |
33.8 (23.2–45.7) |
50.3 (42.3–58.4) |
2.5 (1.3–4.5) |
19.5 (16.4–22.6) |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
Overweight |
12.2 (5.7–21.8) |
31.9 (24.7–39.1) |
0.7 (0.2–1.5) |
8.0 (6.7–9.5) |
0.27 (0.12–0.65)b
|
0.27 (0.13–0.55)c
|
0.29 (0.10–0.86)d
|
0.19 (0.13–0.28)c
|
Obese |
0.0 (0.0–10.3) |
11.1 (5.2–20.1) |
0.2 (0.006–0.9) |
3.3 (2.5–4.4) |
0.04 (0.02–0.09)c
|
0.05 (0.02–0.14)c
|
0.07 (0.009–0.56)d
|
0.06 (0.04–0.10)c
|
Table 4Pearson Correlation Coefficients between Age and BMI and BMD Indicators in Men, Premenopausal Women, and Postmenopausal Women
Variable |
Age |
BMI |
Men |
Premenopausal women |
Postmenopausal women |
Men |
Premenopausal women |
Postmenopausal women |
L1–L4 BMD, g/cm2
|
−0.013 |
−0.005 |
−0.041a
|
0.114a
|
0.059b
|
0.036b
|
Femoral neck BMD, g/cm2
|
−0.362c
|
−0.159c
|
−0.360c
|
0.225c
|
0.240c
|
0.232c
|
Total hip BMD, g/cm2
|
−0.219c
|
−0.088c
|
−0.358c |
0.322c
|
0.356c
|
0.308c
|
Table 5Partial Correlations between Body Composition and BMD after Adjusting for Age and Body Mass Index in Men, Premenopausal Women, and Postmenopausal Women
Body composition |
BMD, g/cm2
|
L1–L4 |
Femoral neck |
Total hip |
Men |
|
|
|
Fat mass, g |
|
|
|
Femoral neck |
−0.005 |
−0.170a
|
−0.249a
|
L1–L4 |
0.138b
|
0.076 |
0.030 |
Total hip |
0.048 |
−0.131b
|
−0.226a
|
Lean mass, g |
|
|
|
Femoral neck |
0.030 |
0.136b
|
0.154a
|
L1–L4 |
0.265a
|
0.028 |
0.018 |
Total hip |
0.119b
|
0.253a
|
0.245a
|
Premenopausal women |
|
|
|
Fat mass, g |
|
|
|
Femoral neck |
0.028 |
−0.045 |
−0.126a
|
L1–L4 |
0.075b
|
0.040 |
0.016 |
Total hip |
0.027 |
0.005 |
−0.084b
|
Lean mass, g |
|
|
|
Femoral neck |
0.026 |
−0.036 |
0.009 |
L1–L4 |
0.253a
|
−0.042 |
−0.009 |
Total hip |
0.020 |
0.040 |
0.077b
|
Postmenopausal women |
|
|
|
Fat mass, g |
|
|
|
Femoral neck |
0.029 |
−0.176a
|
−0.232a
|
L1–L4 |
0.102a
|
−0.008 |
−0.032 |
Total hip |
0.035c
|
−0.103a
|
−0.163a
|
Lean mass, g |
|
|
|
Femoral neck |
−0.008 |
0.082a
|
0.125a
|
L1–L4 |
0.201b
|
0.060b
|
0.092a
|
Total hip |
−0.003 |
0.199a
|
0.243a
|
Table 6Partial Correlation between Body Composition and BMD after Adjusting for Age and Body Mass Index in Normal, Overweight, and Obese Individuals
Variable |
Men |
L1–L4 |
Femoral neck |
Total hip |
Normal weight |
|
|
|
Fat mass, g |
|
|
|
Femoral neck |
0.036 |
−0.158a
|
−0.235a
|
L1–L4 |
0.078b
|
0.045 |
0.031 |
Total hip |
0.041 |
−0.112a
|
−0.182a
|
Lean mass, g |
|
|
|
Femoral neck |
0.018 |
0.194a
|
0.210a
|
L1–L4 |
0.225a
|
0.023 |
0.026 |
Total hip |
0.019 |
0.264a
|
0.290a
|
Overweight |
|
|
|
Fat mass, g |
|
|
|
Femoral neck |
0.008 |
−0.154a
|
−0.226a
|
L1–L4 |
0.077a
|
0.009 |
−0.027 |
Total hip |
0.010 |
0.121a
|
−0.194a
|
Lean mass, g |
|
|
|
Femoral neck |
0.015 |
−0.157a
|
0.202a
|
L1–L4 |
0.225a
|
−0.037 |
0.064 |
Total hip |
0.038 |
0.216a
|
0.267a
|
Obese |
|
|
|
Fat mass, g |
|
|
|
Femoral neck |
0.042 |
−0.129a
|
−0.184a
|
L1–L4 |
0.131a
|
0.013 |
−0.007 |
Total hip |
0.045c
|
−0.44c
|
−0.118a
|
Lean mass, g |
|
|
|
Femoral neck |
0.029 |
0.074b
|
0.156a
|
L1–L4 |
0.228a
|
0.38 |
0.082a
|
Total hip |
0.032 |
0.182a
|
0.241a
|