Table 1Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population According to Sex and Menopausal Status Based on the 2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Characteristic |
Premenopausal women (n=379) |
Postmenopausal women (n=595) |
Men (n=857) |
P value |
Age, yr |
40.2±6.1 |
64.3±9.4 |
54.1±14.2 |
<0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2
|
22.9±3.7 |
24.7±3.5 |
24.1±2.9 |
<0.001 |
Waist circumference, cm |
76.5±9.6 |
83.2±9.6 |
85.5±8.5 |
<0.001 |
SBP, mm Hg |
108.5±12.8 |
128.7±17.5 |
123.2±17.0 |
<0.001 |
DBP, mm Hg |
71.6±8.6 |
75.7±10.1 |
78.6±10.7 |
<0.001 |
Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL |
92.2±17.1 |
100.9±23.1 |
101.6±25.9 |
<0.001 |
HbA1c, % |
5.6±0.6 |
6.0±0.7 |
5.9±0.9 |
<0.001 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL |
184.6±31.8 |
202.2±35.5 |
190.5±35.5 |
0.535 |
HDL-C, mg/dL |
57.7±12.9 |
53.0±12.9 |
50.0±12.8 |
<0.001 |
LDL-C, mg/dL |
111.8±28.0 |
125.2±33.8 |
115.2±32.5 |
0.953 |
TG, mg/dL |
82.0 (59.5–119.5) |
120.0 (82.0–165.5) |
128.0 (90.5–198.0) |
<0.001 |
Creatinine, mg/dL |
0.69 (0.63–0.75) |
0.76 (0.65–0.78) |
0.94 (0.87–1.03) |
<0.001 |
Heavy alcohol drinking |
48 (12.6) |
34 (5.7) |
368 (42.9) |
<0.001 |
Current smoker |
19 (5.0) |
29 (4.9) |
351 (41.3) |
<0.001 |
Diabetes |
4 (1.0) |
84 (14.1) |
86 (10.1) |
<0.001 |
Hypertension |
15 (3.9) |
260 (43.7) |
223 (26.2) |
<0.001 |
CVD history |
3 (0.8) |
24 (4.0) |
31 (3.6) |
0.005 |
UACR, mg/g |
3.8 (1.4–8.4) |
4.9 (1.5–14.2) |
4.6 (1.7–13.4) |
0.013 |
Table 2Baseline Characteristics of the General Population According to UACR Based on the 2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Characteristic |
Premenopausal women (n=379) |
Postmenopausal women (n=595) |
Men (n=857) |
UACR <30 mg/g (n=358) |
UACR 30–299 mg/g (n=21) |
UACR ≥300 mg/g (n=0) |
P value |
UACR <30 mg/g (n=527) |
UACR 30–299 mg/g (n=59) |
UACR ≥300 mg/g (n=9) |
P value |
UACR <30 mg/g (n=741) |
UACR 30–299 mg/g (n=98) |
UACR ≥300 mg/g (n=18) |
P value |
Age, yr |
40.2±6.1 |
39.7±6.6 |
- |
0.930 |
63.8±9.2 |
66.5±10.3 |
66.8±11.4 |
0.025 |
53.0±14.1 |
60.3±12.7 |
62.8±14.6 |
<0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2
|
22.8±3.5 |
23.6±5.3 |
- |
0.012 |
24.3±3.3 |
24.5±2.9 |
25.6±8.0 |
0.328 |
24.0±2.9 |
24.2±2.9 |
24.7±2.6 |
0.297 |
WC, cm |
76.3±9.0 |
77.5±14.0 |
- |
0.014 |
82.8±9.4 |
83.8±8.7 |
88.6±17.6 |
0.063 |
85.3±8.6 |
86.6±8.1 |
88.0±7.6 |
0.052 |
SBP, mm Hg |
108.4±12.3 |
109.7±19.4 |
- |
0.575 |
127.2±17.9 |
133.8±15.2 |
136.3±15.9 |
0.003 |
121.9±16.3 |
129.8±17.2 |
143.9±21.3 |
<0.001 |
DBP, mm Hg |
71.6±8.4 |
71.4±11.5 |
- |
0.583 |
76.5±9.5 |
78.3±13.0 |
80.7±13.1 |
0.069 |
78.5±10.3 |
79.4±13.2 |
80.4±14.5 |
0.291 |
FPG, mg/dL |
92.3±17.4 |
89.4±7.7 |
- |
0.796 |
99.5±20.3 |
103.8±25.3 |
131.4±45.5 |
0.001 |
99.2±21.3 |
115.8±42.8 |
125.6±43.2 |
<0.001 |
HbA1c, % |
5.5±0.6 |
5.6±0.4 |
- |
0.658 |
6.0±0.8 |
6.1±0.8 |
7.5±2.9 |
<0.001 |
5.8±0.7 |
6.4±1.4 |
7.0±1.2 |
<0.001 |
TC, mg/dL |
183.8±31.6 |
193.6±33.8 |
- |
0.042 |
202.2±36.9 |
202.8±39.7 |
229.4±451.0 |
0.192 |
190.9±34.5 |
185.2±40.6 |
205.8±45.6 |
0.957 |
HDL-C, mg/dL |
57.5±12.9 |
60.0±13.2 |
- |
0.231 |
53.8±13.21 |
49.0±11.6 |
51.4±8.6 |
0.017 |
50.3±12.7 |
48.7±14.2 |
47.1±10.8 |
0.145 |
LDL-C, mg/dL |
110.8±27.7 |
125.4±34.3 |
- |
0.222 |
123.9±32.0 |
134.6±42.9 |
196.0±38.0 |
0.049 |
116.5±32.1 |
103.2±34.7 |
122.5±37.2 |
0.135 |
TG, mg/dL |
81 (59.0–116.0) |
130 (65.0–148.0) |
- |
0.082 |
117 (82.0–165.0) |
118 (89.0–157.0) |
161.5 (106.5–212.5) |
0.353 |
127 (90.0–195.5) |
136 (90.0–194.0) |
164 (106.5–318.5) |
0.275 |
Creatinine, mg/dL |
0.69 (0.63–0.75) |
0.67 (0.58–0.79) |
- |
0.548 |
0.70 (0.65–0.78) |
0.73 (0.67–0.82) |
0.73 (0.68–0.78) |
0.068 |
0.94 (0.87–1.02) |
0.95 (0.87–1.10) |
1.00 (0.94–1.28) |
0.034 |
Heavy alcohol drinking |
46 (12.8) |
1 (4.8) |
- |
0.155 |
32 (6.1) |
2 (3.4) |
0 |
0.507 |
316 (42.6) |
46 (46.9) |
6 (33.3) |
0.511 |
Current smoker |
17 (4.7) |
2 (9.5) |
- |
0.589 |
21 (4.0) |
4 (6.8) |
0 |
0.350 |
304 (41.4) |
38 (38.8) |
9 (50.0) |
0.662 |
Diabetes |
4 (1.1) |
0 |
- |
0.878 |
70 (13.3) |
8 (13.6) |
1 (12.5) |
0.462 |
52 (7.1) |
25 (25.5) |
9 (50.0) |
<0.001 |
Hypertension |
12 (3.4) |
3 (14.3) |
- |
0.042 |
209 (39.8) |
38 (64.4) |
6 (75.0) |
<0.001 |
166 (22.6) |
47 (48.0) |
10 (55.6) |
<0.001 |
CVD history |
3 (0.8) |
0 |
- |
0.907 |
23 (4.4) |
2 (3.4) |
0 |
0.072 |
22 (3.0) |
6 (6.1) |
3 (16.7) |
0.004 |
UACR, mg/g |
3.5 (1.2–7.7) |
49 (34.4–66.4) |
- |
<0.001 |
3.7 (1.2–9.0) |
58.4 (40.0–74.7) |
500.4 (405.0–802.0) |
<0.001 |
3.6 (1.4–8.0) |
58.7 (41.2–105.1) |
875.0 (343.0–1,789.0) |
<0.001 |
Table 3Bone Mineral Density of Total Femur, Femur Neck, and Lumbar Spine According to Albuminuria Groups
Variable |
Total hip |
Femur neck |
Lumbar spine |
Premenopausal women (n=379) |
|
|
|
UACR <30 mg/g (n=358) |
0.880±0.110 |
0.742±0.104 |
0.984±0.119 |
UACR 30–299 mg/g (n=21) |
0.941±0.139 |
0.794±0.153 |
1.010±0.123 |
UACR ≥ 300 mg/g (n=0) |
- |
- |
- |
P value |
0.072 |
0.155 |
0.364 |
P value (age-adjusted) |
0.271 |
0.100 |
0.547 |
Premenopausal women (n=379) |
|
|
|
UACR <30 mg/g (n=527) |
0.767±0.117 |
0.625±0.110 |
0.803±0.138 |
UACR 30–299 mg/g (n=59) |
0.757±0.129 |
0.612±0.115 |
0.769±0.130 |
UACR ≥300 mg/g (n=9) |
0.752±0.118 |
0.617±0.117 |
0.845±0.177 |
P value |
0.352 |
0.195 |
0.367 |
P value (age-adjusted) |
0.040 |
0.350 |
0.352 |
Men (n=857) |
|
|
|
UACR <30 mg/g (n=741) |
0.939±0.126 |
0.783±0.125 |
0.954±0.142 |
UACR 30–299 mg/g (n=98) |
0.905±0.130 |
0.740±0.120 |
0.958±0.163 |
UACR >300 mg/g (n=18) |
0.890±0.148 |
0.729±0.141 |
1.009±0.180 |
Pvalue |
0.042 |
0.008 |
0.477 |
P value (age-adjusted) |
0.462 |
0.447 |
0.214 |